{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:05:07Z","timestamp":1789733107509,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]],"date-time":"2025-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Eye Institute","award":["1ZIAEY000488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000488"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Eye Institute","award":["1ZIAEY000502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000502"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Eye Institute","award":["NS003145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS003145"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Eye Institute","award":["22395\/SF\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22395\/SF\/23"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["1ZIAEY000488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000488"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["1ZIAEY000502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000502"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["NS003145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS003145"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["22395\/SF\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22395\/SF\/23"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca","award":["1ZIAEY000488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000488"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca","award":["1ZIAEY000502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000502"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca","award":["NS003145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS003145"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca","award":["22395\/SF\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22395\/SF\/23"]}]},{"name":"Espa\u00f1a (F.M.N.-N.)","award":["1ZIAEY000488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000488"]}]},{"name":"Espa\u00f1a (F.M.N.-N.)","award":["1ZIAEY000502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAEY000502"]}]},{"name":"Espa\u00f1a (F.M.N.-N.)","award":["NS003145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS003145"]}]},{"name":"Espa\u00f1a (F.M.N.-N.)","award":["22395\/SF\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22395\/SF\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) are a subclass of amacrine cells that modulate retinal processing and light adaptation by releasing dopamine. Although the role of dopamine is largely conserved, their retinal distribution across mammals remains incompletely characterized. In mice, rats, thirteen-lined ground squirrels (TLGSs), and macaques, we systematically compared the localization, number, and topography of DACs by their expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of dopamine. In all species examined, TH+ cells were primarily located in the inner nuclear layer; however, there was a species-dependent influence on their number and distribution. Mice exhibited the highest density of TH+cells but completely lacked displaced TH+cells (dTH+cells) in the ganglion cell layer. Despite interspecies variation in the total number of TH+cells in the retina, the overall density in rats, TLGSs, and macaques was similar. Most species displayed a higher density of DACs toward central retinal regions. However, rats exhibited a distinctive dorsal concentration, particularly among dTH+cells. Although most species examined exhibited a similar ratio of TH+cells to Brn3a+ retinal ganglion cells, TLGSs showed a marked reduction, indicating a potentially diminished dopaminergic modulatory role. Species-specific DAC topographies aligned with specialized visual regions, such as the visual streak in TLGS and the macula in macaques. These results reveal both conserved and divergent features of retinal dopamine circuitry, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to visual processing demands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"6972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Amacrine Cells in the Mammalian Retina: Distribution and Quantification in Mouse, Rat, Ground Squirrel and Macaque Retinas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9744-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyoharu J.","family":"Miyagishima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Somatosensation and Pain Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amurta","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William N.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synaptic Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morven A.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco M.","family":"Nadal-Nicol\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800010944","article-title":"Anatomical Pathways for Color Vision in the Human Retina","volume":"7","author":"Kolb","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vis. 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