{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:30:53Z","timestamp":1790202653615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32271535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271535"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32171473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171473"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024NSFSC0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0035"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025ZNSFSC0191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0191"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["32271535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271535"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["32171473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171473"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2024NSFSC0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0035"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2025ZNSFSC0191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0191"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dunaliella salina, a unicellular and eukaryotic alga, has been found to be one of the most salt-tolerant eukaryotes with a wide range of practical applications. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of D. salina in response to salinity stress, we performed transcriptome sequencing on samples under different stress conditions. A total of 82,333 unigenes were generated, 4720, 1111 and 2611 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under high salt stress, oxidative stress and hypertonic stress, respectively. Our analysis revealed that D. salina responds to salinity stress through a complex network of molecular mechanisms. Under high salt stress, starch degradation is regulated by AMY (\u03b1-amylase) and PYG (glycogen phosphorylase) with alternative expression patterns. This process is hypothesized to be initially constrained by low ATP levels due to impaired photosynthesis. The clustering analysis of DEGs indicated that starch and sucrose metabolism, as well as glycerol metabolism, are specifically reprogrammed under high salt stress. Glycerol metabolism, particularly involving GPDHs, plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic balance under salinity stress. Key glycerol metabolism genes were up-regulated under salinity conditions, indicating the importance of this pathway in osmotic regulation. The G3P shuttle, involving mitochondrial GPDHs (c25199_g1 and c23777_g1), contributes to redox imbalance management under high salt, oxidative and hypertonic stresses. Notably, c23777_g1 is involved in the G3P shuttle under high salt, oxidative and hypertonic stresses, while c25199_g1 is specifically induced by hypertonic stress. The R2R3-MYB gene (c23845_g1) may respond to different effects of salinity stress by regulating the transcription of ROS-related genes. Our study provides a detailed understanding of the molecular responses of D. salina to salinity stress. We reveal the critical roles of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerol metabolism and transcription factors in the D. salina adaptation to salinity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26147019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T14:55:18Z","timestamp":1753109718000},"page":"7019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Glycerol Biosynthesis Pathways from Starch Endow Dunaliella salina with the Adaptability to Osmotic and Oxidative Effects Caused by Salinity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Huiying","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huahao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengrui","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyou","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21715","article-title":"Osmotic responses of Dunaliella to the changes of salinity","volume":"219","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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