{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:24:49Z","timestamp":1785327889830,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["B55F21007810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B55F21007810001"]}]},{"name":"University as a \u201cproblem-driven\u201d research projects","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"University as a \u201cproblem-driven\u201d research projects","award":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"]}]},{"name":"University as a \u201cproblem-driven\u201d research projects","award":["B55F21007810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B55F21007810001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next-Generation EU\u2014CUP","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next-Generation EU\u2014CUP","award":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex D.M. 737\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next-Generation EU\u2014CUP","award":["B55F21007810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B55F21007810001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut\u2013brain axis (GBA) represents a complex bidirectional communication network that links the gut microbiota (GM) and the central nervous system (CNS). Recent research has revealed that neurosteroids (NSs) play crucial roles in modulating neuroinflammatory responses and promoting neuroprotection. Meanwhile, GM alterations have been associated with various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate interactions between NS, GM, and neuroinflammation. We discuss how NS and metabolites can influence neuroinflammatory pathways through immune, metabolic, and neuronal mechanisms. Additionally, we explore how GM modulation can impact neurosteroidogenesis, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies that include probiotics, neuroactive metabolites, and targeted interventions. Understanding these interactions may pave the way for innovative treatment approaches for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, promoting a more integrated view of brain health and disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26147023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T14:55:18Z","timestamp":1753109718000},"page":"7023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neurosteroids, Microbiota, and Neuroinflammation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3290-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Tahri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Niccolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio Congiunto MIA-LAB (Microbiome-Immunity Axis Research for a Circular Health), University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"Amedei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio Congiunto MIA-LAB (Microbiome-Immunity Axis Research for a Circular Health), University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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