{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:21:03Z","timestamp":1787653263391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of the efficacy of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in animal models of acute seizures has played a critical role in these drugs\u2019 success in clinical trials for human epilepsy. One of the most widely used animal models for this purpose is the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model. While there are numerous published reports on the efficacy of conventional ASMs in MES models, there is a need to expand the understanding on the brain concentrations that are needed to achieve optimal levels of efficacy in this model. We assessed the pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) profiles of six ASMs, namely carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), valproic acid (VPA), lacosamide (LSM), cenobamate (CNB), and retigabine (RTG), using MES models in mice and rats. EC50 values for plasma and the brain were generally higher in mice than rats, with fold differences ranging from 1.3- to 8.6-fold for plasma and from 1.2- to 11.5-fold for brain. Phenytoin showed the largest interspecies divergence. These results suggest that rats may exhibit greater sensitivity to seizure protection in the MES model, likely reflecting species differences in metabolism and brain penetration. These findings highlight the value of considering concentration\u2013response variations and species-specific differences when assessing the efficacy of both conventional ASMs and novel compounds exhibiting anticonvulsant activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T08:45:18Z","timestamp":1753173918000},"page":"7029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Clinically Used Antiseizure Medications in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure Model in Rodents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Bettio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girish","family":"Bankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine M.","family":"Dub\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Nelkenbrecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Filipovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarbjot","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"DeBoer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6198-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Sojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0251-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1620-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Weishaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.11.006","article-title":"Can pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock rodent seizure models quantitatively predict antiepileptic efficacy in humans?","volume":"24","author":"Yuen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1946.9.3.231","article-title":"Properties of maximal seizures, and their alteration by anticonvulant drugs and other agents","volume":"9","author":"Toman","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. 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