{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:53:49Z","timestamp":1788018829988,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Polish Minister of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RID\/SP\/0048\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0048\/2024\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium (Ti) alloys, renowned for their exceptional physicochemical properties and high biocompatibility, are widely utilized in orthopedic and dental implants; however, their lack of intrinsic antimicrobial activity significantly increases the risk of implant-associated infections, often leading to severe complications and implant failure. Developing antimicrobial coatings on Ti implants is therefore a promising strategy. In this study, tannic acid (TA) coatings were deposited by immersing Ti alloy surfaces\u2014beforehand activated by low-temperature oxygen plasma\u2014in TA solutions at 2, 5, and 8 wt%. Coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle (WCA) measurements, and Folin\u2013Ciocalteu release assays, and their cytocompatibility and antimicrobial performance were assessed in vitro. Surface characterization confirmed the formation of uniform TA layers, and WCA measurements indicated enhanced hydrophilicity relative to unmodified Ti (82.0\u00b0 \u00b1 3.6\u00b0), with values decreasing as TA concentration increased (from 35.2\u00b0 \u00b1 3.2\u00b0 for 2% TA to 26.6\u00b0 \u00b1 2.8\u00b0 for 8% TA). TA release profiles exhibited an initial burst followed by sustained diffusion, with 5% and 8% coatings releasing significantly more TA than 2% coatings. Coatings containing \u2265 5% TA demonstrated bactericidal activity\u2014achieving &gt; 2-log10 reductions\u2014against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also showed inhibitory effects against Candida albicans. Importantly, all coatings remained cytocompatible with NIH\/3T3 fibroblasts, and the released tannic acid hydrolysis products (particularly gallic acid) enhanced their proliferation. These findings indicate that plasma-activated titanium surfaces coated with \u22655 wt% tannic acid impart broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy and hold potential to reduce implant-associated infections and improve long-term outcomes in orthopedic and dental applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:35:28Z","timestamp":1753191328000},"page":"7051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibacterial and Antifungal Tannic Acid Coating on Plasma-Activated Titanium Alloy Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3568-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Winiecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Constructional Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza Street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-5633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Stepczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza Street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Walczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7122-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Soszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza Street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Twaru\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza Street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6230-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bociaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1\/15 Stefanowskiego Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Trzcinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surface Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. S. Kaliskiego Avenue, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Michalska-Sionkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4188-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Moraczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, 30 Chodkiewicza Street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112850","article-title":"Titanium-Based alloys and composites for orthopedic implants Applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"241","author":"Darwish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. 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