{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:02:02Z","timestamp":1777726922042,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity and exercise, are essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus by improving glycemic control, cardiovascular health and autonomic function. Given the chronic nature and long-term complications associated with type 1 diabetes, strategies beyond pharmacotherapy are essential. This review examines the effects of exercise on heart rate variability, a key indicator of autonomic nervous system activity. A systematic search was conducted in March 2024 across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and CINAHL databases. Studies evaluating the retrospective or prospective impact of exercise or physical activity on heart rate variability parameters were included. Utilizing best evidence synthesis, the methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which were rated as methodologically weak. Moderate evidence suggests that exercise may enhance heart rate variability, particularly by increasing parasympathetic activity and improving sympathovagal balance. However, evidence remains limited regarding the optimal type, frequency and intensity of exercise. Exercise appears to support autonomic function in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nonetheless, further high-quality research is needed to determine the most effective exercise modalities and to inform evidence-based clinical guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1753271567000},"page":"7096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Influence of Exercise and Physical Activity on Autonomic Nervous System Function Measured by Heart Rate Variability in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Bekker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Rehabilitation, Centre for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3849-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne","family":"Kooistra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Rehabilitation, Centre for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter R.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Isala, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joop D.","family":"Lefrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nic J. 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