{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:37Z","timestamp":1760060017990,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medicines Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the extent of vitamin B1 and B6 vitamer loss during a single peritoneal dialysis (PD) session using a combination of chromatographic techniques and chemometric analysis. Dialysis effluent samples were collected from 41 PD patients (22 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 19 on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)) during a standardised peritoneal equilibration test. Concentrations of thiamine monophosphate, thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), pyridoxine, pyridoxal (PL), and pyridoxamine were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The analytical method was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and recovery. Multiple regression analysis was employed to identify potential clinical and demographic predictors of vitamin washout. All vitamers except pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) were detectable in dialysis effluents. ThDP exhibited the greatest loss among the B1 forms (ca. 0.05\u20130.57 mg\/24 h), while PL exhibited the most significant loss among the B6 forms (ca. 0.01\u20130.19 mg\/24 h). Vitamin losses varied depending on the dialysis modality (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, or CAPD, versus automated peritoneal dialysis, or APD) and the peritoneal transport category. Regression analysis identified body weight, haemoglobin, and haematocrit as independent predictors of ThDP washout (R2 = 0.58). No statistically robust models were established for the other vitamers. Even short medical procedures (such as single PD) can result in measurable losses of water-soluble vitamins, particularly ThDP and PL. The results emphasise the importance of personalised vitamin supplementation for PD patients and suggest that body composition and haematological parameters significantly influence the loss of thiamine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T09:35:11Z","timestamp":1753436111000},"page":"7177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Simultaneous Determination of the B1 and B6 Vitamers Reveals Their Loss During a Single Peritoneal Dialysis Session: Chromatographic and Chemometric Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rudnicki-Velasquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Krzymi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-308 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2432-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Baraniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Czaplewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of UG and MUG, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-307 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Daugirdas, J.T., Blake, P.G., and Ing, T.S. (2008). Podr\u0119cznik Dializoterapii, Czelej."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09410-0","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis","volume":"353","author":"Gokal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/089686088700700306","article-title":"Peritoneal equilibration test","volume":"7","author":"Twardowski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.09.005","article-title":"Vitamin supplement use in patients with CKD: Worth the pill burden?","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tylicki, A., \u0141otowski, Z., Siemieniuk, M., and Ratkiewicz, A. (2018). Thiamine and selected thiamine antivitamins-biological activity and methods of synthesis. Biosci. Rep., 38.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171148"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.28578","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"38","author":"Hung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122880","article-title":"Comparative studies on vitamin B1 deficiency in whole blood of chronically haemodialysed patients: Chromatographic, fluorimetric and PCA study","volume":"1180","author":"Storoniak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2014.882714","article-title":"Vitamins in dialysis: Who, when and how much?","volume":"36","author":"Kosmadakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1053\/jren.2000.16327","article-title":"Folic acid and pyridoxal-5\u2032-phosphate losses during high-efficiency hemodialysis in patients without hydrosoluble vitamin supplementation","volume":"10","author":"Leblanc","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90103-1","article-title":"Vitamin B6 and hemodialysis: The impact of high-flux\/high-efficiency dialysis and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Kasama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voelker, A.L., Taylor, L.S., and Mauer, L.J. (2021). Effect of pH and concentration on the chemical stability and reaction kinetics of thiamine mononitrate and thiamine chloride hydrochloride in solution. BMC Chem., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-021-00773-y"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Combs, G.F. (2008). The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The bioavailability of vitamin B6 in foods","volume":"39","author":"Gregory","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2004.03.013","article-title":"Determination of thiamine in blood serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with direct injection and post-column derivatization","volume":"8","author":"Bohrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2004.08.038","article-title":"Determination of thiamine and its phosphorylated forms in human plasma, erythrocytes and urine by HPLC and fluorescence detection: A preliminary study on cancer patients","volume":"37","author":"Losa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.5.704","article-title":"Vitamin B1 status assessed by direct measurement of thiamin pyrophosphate in erythrocytes or whole blood by HPLC: Comparison with transketolase activation assay","volume":"46","author":"Talwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160051186","article-title":"Flow injection\u2013solid phase spectrofluorimetric determination of pyridoxine in presence of group B-vitamins","volume":"363","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fresenius J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-003-0173-9","article-title":"Determination of vitamin B6 compounds in foods using liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization fluorescence detection","volume":"59","author":"Balsalobre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600820921","article-title":"Determination of total pyridoxal in human plasma following oral administration of vitamin B6 by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization","volume":"82","author":"Mascher","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"175","article-title":"Overview of vitamin B1 analysis methods during 2000\u20132020","volume":"9","author":"Ismalinda","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00574-5","article-title":"Automated determination of selected water-soluble vitamins in tablets using a bench-top robotic system coupled to reversed-phase (RP-18) HPLC with UV detection","volume":"31","author":"Holler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2011.12.011","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods by reversed-phase isocratic HPLC-UV","volume":"55","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.07.091","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride and cyanocobalamin in pharmaceutical formulations using coulometric electrochemical and ultraviolet detection","volume":"1094","author":"Czarnowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.09.072","article-title":"Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with coulometric electrochemical and ultraviolet detection for the quantification of vitamins B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxamine, pyridoxal and pyridoxine) and B12 in animal and plant foods","volume":"1173","author":"Kuta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2009.04.035","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of thiamine and its phosphate esters by a liquid chromatographic method based on post-column photolysis and chemiluminescence detection","volume":"50","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puts, J., de Groot, M., Haex, M., and Jakobs, B. (2015). Simultaneous determination of underivatized vitamin B1 and B6 in whole blood by reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132018"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H.S., Yu, H.S., Yen, C.H., and Liaw, E.T. (2020). Multiple-reaction monitoring tandem mass method for determination of phenolics and water-soluble vitamins in Eccoilopus formosanus. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163632"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahoun, D., Fojtikova, P., Vacha, F., Cizkova, M., Vodicka, R., Novakova, E., and Hypsa, V. (2022). Development and validation of an LC-MS\/MS method for determination of B vitamins and some of their derivatives in whole blood. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271444"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.02.028","article-title":"A novel LC-MS\/MS assay for vitamin B1, B2 and B6 determination in dried blood spots and its application in children","volume":"1112","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/68722","article-title":"Biologically active form of vitamin B1 in human peritoneal effluent","volume":"26","author":"Jankowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.09.009","article-title":"Water-soluble vitamin levels and supplementation in chronic online hemodiafiltration patients","volume":"5","author":"Schwotzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.20748","article-title":"National Kidney Foundation K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure","volume":"37","author":"Kopple","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, and Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2016). Dietary reference values for vitamin B6. EFSA J., 14, 4485.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4485"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"329","article-title":"Uric acid is an independent biomarker in the management of a chronic renal disease","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Hipertens."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioavailability of vitamins","volume":"9","author":"Sauberlich","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"187","article-title":"Deficiencies of vitamins in CAPD patients: The effect of supplementation","volume":"2","author":"Boeschoten","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12099","article-title":"Water-Soluble Vitamins in People with Low Glomerular Filtration Rate or on Dialysis: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Clase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2010.00245","article-title":"Dietary micronutrient intake in peritoneal dialysis patients: Relationship with nutrition and inflammation status","volume":"32","author":"Ruiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson Education. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000480651","article-title":"Thiamine diphosphate status and dialysis-related losses in end-stage kidney disease patients treated with hemodialysis","volume":"44","author":"Jankowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"General Assembly of the World Medical Association (2014). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J. Am. Coll Dent., 81, 14\u201318.","DOI":"10.1515\/jwiet-2014-0117"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitsikaris, P.D., Kokokiris, L., Pritsa, A., Papadopoulos, A.N., and Kalogiouri, N.P. (2022). Investigating the tocopherol contents of walnut seed oils produced in different European countries analyzed by HPLC-UV: A comparative study on the basis of geographical origin. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11223719"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Kutner, M.H., Nachtsheim, C.J., Neter, J., and Li, W. (2005). Applied Linear Statistical Models, McGraw-Hill. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2307\/1911963","article-title":"A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation","volume":"47","author":"Breusch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","article-title":"A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belsley, D.A., Kuh, E., and Welsch, R.E. (1980). Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725153"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:49Z","timestamp":1760033749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26157177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26157177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}