{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:18:21Z","timestamp":1792639101052,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current opinion paper puts into perspective how altered microbiota transplanted from Alzheimer\u2019s patients initiates the impairment of the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis of a healthy recipient, leading to impaired cognition primarily arising from the hippocampus, dysfunctional adult hippocampal neurogenesis, dysregulated systemic inflammation, long-term spatial memory impairment, or chronic pain with hippocampal involvement. This altered microbiota may induce acquired Piezo2 channelopathy on enterochromaffin cells, which, in turn, impairs the ultrafast long-range proton-based oscillatory synchronization to the hippocampus. Therefore, an intact microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis could be responsible for the synchronization of ultradian and circadian rhythms, with the assistance of rhythmic bacteria within microbiota, to circadian regulation, and hippocampal learning and memory formation. Hippocampal ultradian clock encoding is proposed to be through a Piezo2-initiated proton-signaled manner via VGLUT3 allosteric transmission at a distance. Furthermore, this paper posits that these unaccounted-for ultrafast proton-based long-range oscillatory synchronizing ultradian axes may exist not only within the brain but also between the periphery and the brain in an analogous way, like in the case of this depicted microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. Accordingly, the irreversible Piezo2 channelopathy-induced loss of the Piezo2-initiated ultradian prefrontal\u2013hippocampal axis leads to Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology onset. Moreover, the same irreversible microdamage-induced loss of the Piezo2-initiated ultradian muscle spindle\u2013hippocampal and cerebellum\u2013hippocampal axes may lead to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson\u2019s disease initiation, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T12:56:43Z","timestamp":1753448203000},"page":"7211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Light of the Brain Axes and Dysbiosis Where Piezo2 Is the Critical Initiating Player"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Sonkodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Physical Activity Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad303","article-title":"Microbiota from Alzheimer\u2019s patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"146","author":"Grabrucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonkodi, B. 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