{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:38:28Z","timestamp":1791243508918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":391,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia through Grant Agreement with University of Kragujevac-Faculty of Medical Sciences","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Captopril, a well-established angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, has garnered attention for its cardioprotective effects in preventing heart remodeling and maintaining cardiac function, significantly improving life quality. However, recent studies have revealed that in addition to known hemodynamic alterations, captopril exhibits significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects that may underlie its protective mechanisms. Although it appeared to be overlooked in clinical practice, in recent years, additional efforts have been made to uncover the mechanisms of all drug effects, as recent research studies predict a wide spectrum of diseases beyond the recommended indications. This review thoroughly examines the mechanisms by which captopril mediates its protective effects, bridging basic biochemical observations with applied clinical investigation, especially during ischemic reperfusion (I\/R) injury, hypertension, and heart failure (HF). Evidence points to captopril as a promising agent for modulating oxidative and inflammatory pathways that are crucial for cardiovascular medicine. Directions for future research are defined to determine the molecular targets of captopril further and to optimize its clinical utility in the management of cardiovascular and possibly other diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T14:40:02Z","timestamp":1753454402000},"page":"7215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cardioprotective Role of Captopril: From Basic to Applied Investigations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6600-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Stoiljkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital \u201cSveti Luka\u201d, 11300 Smederevo, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7799-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovan","family":"Milosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Bolevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevena","family":"Jeremic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Canovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir Petrovich","family":"Fisenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6310-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy Alexandrovich","family":"Tikhonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina Nikolaevna","family":"Krylova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefani","family":"Bolevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Vasilievna","family":"Chichkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Therapy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Zivkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1965.tb02091.x","article-title":"A bradykinin-potentiating factor (bpf) present in the venom of Bothrops jararaca","volume":"24","author":"Ferreira","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. 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