{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T19:18:05Z","timestamp":1782587885122,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004881","name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61 2800\/2024\/130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61 2800\/2024\/130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although ART leads to viral suppression, people living with HIV (PLWH) still face an increased risk of comorbidities, such as cancer. The HIV-1 Tat protein may contribute to the promotion of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and genomic instability. While the presence of anti-Tat antibodies has been associated with slower disease progression, their potential role in modulating DNA damage remains unclear. Assess the effect of anti-Tat antibodies on cytotoxic and DNA damage in PLWH. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 178 PLWH. Serum anti-Tat IgG antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cytotoxicity and DNA damage were assessed via serum 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and nuclear anomalies (Micronucleus cytome assay) in 2000 buccal cells. Statistical significance was considered at p &lt; 0.05. Anti-Tat antibodies were found in 24.2% of participants. Positive individuals had lower CD4+ T cell counts (p = 0.045) and higher levels of pyknosis (p = 0.0001). No differences in 8-OHdG were found, but 8-OHdG correlated positively with CD4+ counts (rho = 0.334, p = 0.006). Pyknosis negatively correlated with CD4+ counts (rho = \u22120.272, p = 0.027). Anti-Tat antibodies may not prevent DNA damage but could be related to cytotoxic effects in PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"7229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond Protection: The Cytotoxic Effect of Anti-Tat Antibodies in People Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ernesto","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Sevilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Doctorado en Microbiolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gaona-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gracia Viviana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Disciplinas Filos\u00f3ficas Metodol\u00f3gicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Escoto-Delgadillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias Agropecurarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1257-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo Mois\u00e9s","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Mutag\u00e9nesis, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda Claudia","family":"G\u00f3mez-Meda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto de Gen\u00e9tica Humana \u201cDr. Enrique Corona Rivera\u201d, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Gabriela","family":"Lu\u00e9vano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Minerva","family":"P\u00e9rez-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital General Regional 110, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"\u00c1vila-Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Mutag\u00e9nesis, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Paloma","family":"Torres-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0244-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhonathan","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Bedoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Disciplinas Filos\u00f3ficas Metodol\u00f3gicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca Miriam","family":"Torres-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, D.E., and Couturier, J.P. 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