{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:21:33Z","timestamp":1777648893604,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2025)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare tumors with different clinical and biological characteristics. Ki-67 staining and mitotic counts are the most commonly used prognostic markers, but these methods are time-consuming and lack reproducibility, highlighting the need for innovative approaches that improve histological evaluation and prognosis. In our previous study, we observed that the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile of GEP-NENs correlates with the three grades of GEP-NENs. This study aimed to characterize a group of miRNAs that discriminate well-differentiated GEP-NENs grading 1 (G1) and grading (G2). Fifty formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from well-differentiated GEP-NENs G1 and G2 tissues were used for this study. The expression levels of 21 miRNAs were examined using qRT-PCR, while FGFR2 and FGF1 protein expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC). We identified four miRNAs (hsa-miR-133, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p and hsa-miR-378a-3p) that are downregulated in G2 GEP-NENs compared to G1. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these miRNAs play a key role in modulating the FGF\/FGFR signaling pathway. Consistent with this observation, we found that fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) expression is markedly higher in G2 NENs patients, whereas its expression remains low in G1 NENs. Our findings highlight the potential use of miRNAs to confirm the histological evaluation of GEP-NENs by employing them as biomarkers for improving histological evaluation and tumor classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"7232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of miRNA\/FGFR2 Axis in Well-Differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2952-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Histopathology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Scalavino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Vincenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Piccinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"De Marinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Armentano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Serino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1159\/000481390","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms: Dichotomy, origin and classifications","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Visc. 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