{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:22:14Z","timestamp":1789428134509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN-AEI-10.13039-501100011033-FEDER, UE","award":["PID2022-140932OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140932OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN-AEI-10.13039-501100011033-FEDER, UE","award":["2021-SGR-0113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-SGR-0113"]}]},{"name":"AGAUR","award":["PID2022-140932OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140932OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"AGAUR","award":["2021-SGR-0113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-SGR-0113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fungal component of microbiota, known as the mycobiome, inhabits different body niches such as the skin and the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts. Much information has been gained on the bacterial component of the human microbiota, but the mycobiome has remained somewhat elusive due to its sparsity, variability, susceptibility to environmental factors (e.g., early life colonization, diet, or pharmacological treatments), and the specific in vitro culture challenges. Functionally, the mycobiome is known to play a role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses by interacting with microorganisms and immune cells. The latter elicits anti-fungal responses via the recognition of specific fungal cell-wall components (e.g., \u03b2-1,3-glucan, mannan, and chitin) by immune system receptors. These receptors then regulate the activation and differentiation of many innate and adaptive immune cells including mucocutaneous cell barriers, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate-like lymphoid cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Mycobiome disruptions have been correlated with various diseases affecting mostly the brain, lungs, liver and pancreas. This work reviews our current knowledge on the mycobiome, focusing on its composition, research challenges, conditioning factors, interactions with the bacteriome and the immune system, and the known mycobiome alterations associated with disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"7281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Human Mycobiome: Composition, Immune Interactions, and Impact on Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Carrillo-Serradell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Systems, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FCR-IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Liu-Tindall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6511-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Planells-Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Systems, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FCR-IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Arag\u00f3n-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Systems, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FCR-IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-747X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Isamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sepsia Therapeutics S.L., 08902 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1119-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Systems, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FCR-IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Servei d\u2019Immunologia, Centre de Diagn\u00f2stic Biom\u00e8dic, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1230-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Velasco-de Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Systems, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer (FCR-IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, G., Rybakova, D., Fischer, D., Cernava, T., Verg\u00e8s, M.-C.C., Charles, T., Chen, X., Cocolin, L., Eversole, K., and Corral, G.H. 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