{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:37Z","timestamp":1760059957736,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crohn\u2019s disease is a chronic inflammation affecting the gastrointestinal tract. To date, patients are commonly treated with corticosteroids or more aggressive biologics for high-risk subjects. Stem Cell Educator therapy has been successfully utilized to treat patients with type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune conditions. A 78-year-old patient with long-standing Crohn\u2019s disease received one treatment with the Stem Cell Educator therapy, followed by clinical, radiographic, pathological examinations and immune marker testing by flow cytometry. After the treatment with Stem Cell Educator therapy, the patient\u2019s clinical symptoms were quickly improved with normal bowel movements, without abdominal pain or rectal bleeding. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a marked decline in inflammatory markers, such as the percentage of monocyte\/macrophage-associated cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2)+ cells, which reduced from 94.98% at the baseline to 18.21%, and down-regulation of the percentage of chemokine CXCL16+ cells from 91.92% at baseline to 42.58% at 2-month follow-up. Pathologic examination of the biopsy specimens from colonoscopy five weeks and six months post-treatment showed ileal mucosa with no specific abnormality and no significant inflammation or villous atrophy; no granulomas were identified. A follow-up CT scan four and one-half months post-treatment showed no evidence of the previously seen stenosis of the ilio-colonic anastomosis with proximal dilatation. Stem Cell Educator therapy markedly reduced inflammation in the subject with Crohn\u2019s disease, leading to durable clinical, immunological, radiographic, and pathological improvements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1753711547000},"page":"7292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical, Immunological, Radiographic, and Pathologic Improvements in a Patient with Long-Standing Crohn\u2019s Disease After Receiving Stem Cell Educator Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Veysman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Antolijao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruby Anne","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yelu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yewen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri","family":"Tibbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Line Stem Cell Tissue, Cord Blood Bank, New Haven, IN 46774, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darinka","family":"Povrzenic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Lauren","family":"Bayawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Radiology Imaging, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassam","family":"Saffouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopy Center of Silicon Valley, Los Gatos, CA 95124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Throne Biotechnologies, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02586-2","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Dolinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01008-6","article-title":"Strategies for targeting cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Neurath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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