{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:52:59Z","timestamp":1774929179837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses -1, -2, and -3 (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3) are gammaherpesviruses that are widespread in pigs. These viruses are closely related to the human pathogens Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), both of which are known to cause severe diseases in humans. To date, however, no definitive association has been established between PLHVs and any disease in pigs. With the growing interest in xenotransplantation as a means to address the shortage of human organs for transplantation, the safety of using pig-derived cells, tissues, and organs is under intense investigation. In preclinical trials involving pig-to-nonhuman primate xenotransplantation, another porcine herpesvirus\u2014porcine cytomegalovirus, a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV\/PRV)\u2014was shown to be transmissible and significantly reduced the survival time of the xenotransplants. In the present study, we examined donor pigs and their respective baboon recipients, all of which were part of preclinical pig heart xenotransplantation studies, for the presence of PLHV. PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 were detected in nearly all donor pigs; however, no evidence of PLHV transmission to the baboon recipients was observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:00:41Z","timestamp":1753884041000},"page":"7378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus (PLHV) Was Not Transmitted During Transplantation of Genetically Modified Pig Hearts into Baboons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hina","family":"Jhelum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9590-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Reichart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Brendel Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Michael","family":"Abicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0996-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"L\u00e4ngin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt B.","family":"Kaufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3244-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Denner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021122-102606","article-title":"Advances in Organ and Tissue Xenotransplantation","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240273","article-title":"Infectious Diseases and Clinical Xenotransplantation","volume":"30","author":"Fishman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201422","article-title":"Genetically Modified Porcine-to-Human Cardiac Xenotransplantation","volume":"387","author":"Griffith","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-4-971","article-title":"Detection of Two Novel Porcine Herpesviruses with High Similarity to Gammaherpesviruses","volume":"80","author":"Ehlers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00006-0","article-title":"A Novel Porcine Gammaherpesvirus","volume":"308","author":"Chmielewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denner, J. (2021). Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses (PLHVs) and Xenotransplantation. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061072"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.4734-4740.2002","article-title":"Activation of Cytomegalovirus in Pig-to-Primate Organ Xenotransplantation","volume":"76","author":"Mueller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3089.2003.02048.x","article-title":"Methods for the Exclusion of Circoviruses and Gammaherpesviruses from Pigs","volume":"10","author":"Tucker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000128342.64240.CF","article-title":"Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease after Allogeneic Transplantation of the Spleen in Miniature Swine","volume":"78","author":"Dor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000228237.32549.16","article-title":"Gene Expression of Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus-1 in Miniature Swine with Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder","volume":"83","author":"Doucette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.5.1467","article-title":"Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease in Miniature Swine after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Similarity to Human PTLD and Association with a Porcine Gammaherpesvirus","volume":"97","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12265","article-title":"Extended Microbiological Characterization of G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs: Porcine Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses","volume":"23","author":"Morozov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.02.017","article-title":"Immunological Methods for the Detection of Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses (PLHV)","volume":"233","author":"Plotzki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, L., Kristiansen, Y., Reuber, E., M\u00f6ller, L., Laue, M., Reimer, C., and Denner, J. (2019). A Comprehensive Strategy for Screening for Xenotransplantation-Relevant Viruses in a Second Isolated Population of G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010038"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhelum, H., Grand, N., Jacobsen, K.R., Halecker, S., Salerno, M., Prate, R., Kr\u00fcger, L., Kristiansen, Y., Krabben, L., and M\u00f6ller, L. (2023). First Virological and Pathological Study of G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs with Dippity Pig Syndrome (DPS). PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.26.525667"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12233","article-title":"Microbiological Characterization of a Newly Established Pig Breed, Aachen Minipigs","volume":"23","author":"Plotzki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halecker, S., Metzger, J., Strube, C., Krabben, L., Kaufer, B., and Denner, J. (2021). Virological and Parasitological Characterization of Mini-LEWE Minipigs Using Improved Screening Methods and an Overview of Data on Various Minipig Breeds. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122617"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhelum, H., Papatsiros, V., Papakonstantinou, G., Krabben, L., Kaufer, B., and Denner, J. (2024). Screening for Viruses in Indigenous Greek Black Pigs. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020315"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halecker, S., Papatsiros, V., Psalla, D., Krabben, L., Kaufer, B., and Denner, J. (2022). Virological Characterization of Pigs with Erythema Multiforme. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030652"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhelum, H., Kaufer, B., and Denner, J. (2024). Application of Methods Detecting Xenotransplantation-Relevant Viruses for Screening German Slaughterhouse Pigs. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.1569.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1086\/383351","article-title":"Activation of Porcine Cytomegalovirus, but Not Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus, in Pig-to-Baboon Xenotransplantation","volume":"189","author":"Mueller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cybulski, P., Socha, W., Jab\u0142o\u0144ski, A., Kondratiuk, R., Rybkowska, W., Stadejek, T., and Larska, M. (2025). First Molecular Detection of Porcine Cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus (PLHV) in Domestic Pigs in Poland. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040396"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00335-9","article-title":"Porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA detection in multiple organs of pigs in Brazil","volume":"51","author":"Leme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzo, G., Drigo, M., Legnardi, M., Grassi, L., Menandro, M.L., Pasotto, D., Cecchinato, M., and Tucciarone, C.M. (2021). Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010047"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.03.022","article-title":"Infection of pigs in Ireland with lymphotropic gamma-herpesviruses and relationship to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome","volume":"116","author":"McMahon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2021.22.e81","article-title":"Porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (Gammaherpesvirinae) DNA in free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) in Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Porto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2008.00495.x","article-title":"Development of a recombinant antigen-based ELISA for the sero-detection of porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses","volume":"15","author":"Brema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halecker, S., Hansen, S., Krabben, L., Ebner, F., Kaufer, B., and Denner, J. (2022). How, where and when to screen for porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) in donor pigs for xenotransplantation. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25624-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.007","article-title":"Malignant catarrhal fever: A review","volume":"179","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0765-z","article-title":"Consistent success in life-supporting porcine cardiac xenotransplantation","volume":"564","author":"Mayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denner, J., Bigley, T.M., Phan, T.L., Zimmermann, C., Zhou, X., and Kaufer, B.B. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Roseoloviruses in Humans, Pigs, Mice, and Other Species. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121108"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denner, J., L\u00e4ngin, M., Reichart, B., Kr\u00fcger, L., Fiebig, U., Mokelke, M., Radan, J., Mayr, T., Milusev, A., and Luther, F. (2020). Impact of porcine cytomegalovirus on long-term orthotopic cardiac xenotransplant survival. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73150-9"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198286","article-title":"Absence of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) production from pig lymphoma cell lines","volume":"295","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhelum, H., Bender, M., Reichart, B., Mokelke, M., Radan, J., Neumann, E., Krabben, L., Abicht, J.M., Kaufer, B., and L\u00e4ngin, M. (2023). Evidence for Microchimerism in Baboon Recipients of Pig Hearts. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1766.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiebig, U., Abicht, J.M., Mayr, T., L\u00e4ngin, M., B\u00e4hr, A., Guethoff, S., Falkenau, A., Wolf, E., Reichart, B., and Shibahara, T. (2018). Distribution of Porcine Cytomegalovirus in Infected Donor Pigs and in Baboon Recipients of Pig Heart Transplantation. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020066"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000232","article-title":"Porcine cytomegalovirus infection is associated with early rejection of kidney grafts in a pig to baboon xenotransplantation model","volume":"98","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000314","article-title":"Results of Life-Supporting Galactosyltransferase Knockout Kidneys in Cynomolgus Monkeys Using Two Different Sources of Galactosyltransferase Knockout Swine","volume":"98","author":"Sekijima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1088-2","article-title":"Reduction of the survival time of pig xenotransplants by porcine cytomegalovirus","volume":"15","author":"Denner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00775-4","article-title":"Graft dysfunction in compassionate use of genetically engineered pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation: A case report","volume":"402","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Active replication of porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) following transplantation of a pig heart into a baboon despite undetected virus in the donor pig","volume":"2","author":"Morozov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Virol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denner, J. (2025). How Does a Porcine Herpesvirus, PCMV\/PRV, Induce a Xenozoonosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.1265.v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12441","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01278-08","article-title":"Absence of replication of porcine endogenous retrovirus and porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus type 1 with prolonged pig cell microchimerism after pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation","volume":"82","author":"Issa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2004.00196.x","article-title":"Early weaning of piglets fails to exclude porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus","volume":"12","author":"Mueller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12449","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12449","article-title":"Early weaning completely eliminates porcine cytomegalovirus from a newly established pig donor facility for xenotransplantation","volume":"25","author":"Egerer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1390","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the genome of porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 and gene expression during posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease of pigs","volume":"294","author":"Goltz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4237-4242.1998","article-title":"Detection of a novel bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus","volume":"72","author":"Rovnak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-1-227","article-title":"Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: An endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.01.014","article-title":"Transmission of caprine herpesvirus 2 in domestic goats","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Huang, Q., Hu, X., Chu, W., Zhang, J., Jiang, L., Yu, X., Zhang, X., and Cheng, S. (2018). Caprine herpesvirus 2-associated malignant catarrhal fever of captive sika deer (Cervus nippon) in an intensive management system. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1365-8"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-12-3199","article-title":"Characterization of the DNA Polymerase Loci of the Novel Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses 1 and 2 in Domestic and Feral Pigs","volume":"80","author":"Ulrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02898.x","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2024000583","article-title":"EBV and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: A complex relationship","volume":"2024","author":"Rouce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.008","article-title":"The porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 encodes functional regulators of gene expression","volume":"357","author":"Lindner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, J., Currin, A., Griffin, B.D., Shannon-Lowe, C., Thomas, W.A., Ressing, M.E., Wiertz, E.J.H.J., Rowe, M., and Fr\u00fch, K. (2009). The Epstein-Barr Virus G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Contributes to Immune Evasion by Targeting MHC Class I Molecules for Degradation. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000255"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01608-10","article-title":"The Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Protein Modulates Immune Recognition of Endogenously Processed Antigen by Targeting Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules Trafficking on Both the Exocytic and Endocytic Pathways","volume":"85","author":"Zuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102462","article-title":"EBV BILF1 Evolved to Downregulate Cell Surface Display of a Wide Range of HLA Class I Molecules Through Their Cytoplasmic Tail","volume":"190","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, L.L., Zuo, J., Abbott, R.J., Shannon-Lowe, C., Tierney, R.J., Hislop, A.D., Rowe, M., and Rooney, C.M. (2014). Cooperation Between Epstein-Barr Virus Immune Evasion Proteins Spreads Protection From CD8\u207a T Cell Recognition Across All Three Phases of the Lytic Cycle. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004322"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.1.536-546.2005","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 is a Constitutively Active G Protein-Coupled Receptor","volume":"79","author":"Paulsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.173","article-title":"Cell Transformation Mediated by the Epstein-Barr Virus G Protein-Coupled Receptor BILF1 is Dependent on Constitutive Signaling","volume":"29","author":"Lyngaa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavri, M., Kubale, V., Depledge, D.P., Zuo, J., Huang, C.A., Breuer, J., Vrecl, M., Jarvis, M.A., Jovi\u010di\u0107, E.J., and Petan, T. (2022). Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Orthologues from Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses Display Common Molecular Functionality. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.862940"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2006.00312.x","article-title":"Molecular interactions between porcine and human gammaherpesviruses: Implications for xenografts?","volume":"13","author":"Santoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ehlers, B. (2002). Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2005.06.021","article-title":"Quantitative simultaneous multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of porcine cytokines","volume":"306","author":"Duvigneau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.02.024","article-title":"A Neutralization Assay for HIV-2 Based on Measurement of Provirus Integration by Duplex Real-Time PCR","volume":"159","author":"Behrendt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(03)00095-2","article-title":"Quantitative intra-short interspersed element PCR for species-specific DNA identification","volume":"316","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:06Z","timestamp":1760033946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26157378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26157378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]}}}