{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:19:28Z","timestamp":1793312368439,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":340,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose is the main source of energy and the source of carbon for the biosynthesis of several molecules, such as neurotransmitters, for most mammalian cells. Therefore, the transport of glucose into cells is very important. There are described three distinct families of glucose transporters: facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs), and a uniporter, the SWEET protein. Impaired function and\/or expression of these transporters due to, for example, mutations in their genes, may cause severe diseases. Associations with the impaired function of glucose transporters have been described in the case of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, GLUT1-deficiency syndrome, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Changes in the presence of glucose transporters may be a cause of NDs, and they may be the effect of NDs. On the other hand, in many cases of neurodegenerative diseases, changes in the expression of glucose transporters may be a targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T15:56:16Z","timestamp":1754409376000},"page":"7392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Human Glucose Transporters in Health and Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Leszek","family":"Szablewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego Str. 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042022-031657","article-title":"Transcellular barriers to glucose delivery in the body","volume":"86","author":"Klipp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.11.002","article-title":"Glucose transport families SLC5 and SLC50","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160841","article-title":"Glucose transporters in brain: In health and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Szablewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.12.067","article-title":"Expression of glucose transporters in human neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"540","author":"Pliszka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x","article-title":"Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Kaepsel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2417-2","article-title":"Glucose transportation in the brain and its impairment in Huntington disease: One more shade of the energetic metabolism failure","volume":"49","author":"Morea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Szablewski, L. (2019). Human Glucose Transporters in Health and Diseases, Cambridge Scholar Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2012.12.004","article-title":"Expression of glucose transporters in cancers","volume":"1835","author":"Szablewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Canc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szablewski, L. (2017). Distribution of glucose transporters in renal diseases. J. Biomed. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0371-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.083","article-title":"Glucose transporters in healthy heart and in cardiac disease","volume":"230","author":"Szablewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.1.1-34.1998","article-title":"Major facilitator superfamily","volume":"62","author":"Pao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01759.x","article-title":"Families of transmembrane sugar transport protein","volume":"35","author":"Saier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.31.6.505","article-title":"Evidence of active transfer of certain non-electrolytes across the human red cell membrane","volume":"31","author":"LeFevre","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)66976-0","article-title":"Reconstitution and purification of the D-glucose transporter from human erythrocytes","volume":"252","author":"Kasahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3839598","article-title":"Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter","volume":"229","author":"Mueckler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E974","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00407.2001","article-title":"Nomenclature of the GLUT\/SLC2A family of sugar\/polyol transport facilitators","volume":"282","author":"Joost","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680110090456","article-title":"The extend GLUT-family of sugar-polyol transport facilitators: Nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members","volume":"18","author":"Joost","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1085-0","article-title":"The SLC2 family of facilitative hexose and polyol transporters","volume":"447","author":"Uldry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.001","article-title":"The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters","volume":"34","author":"Mueckler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/138920207780368187","article-title":"Functional properties and genomic of glucose transporters","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"167","article-title":"Structure and functional insight into the GLUT family of membrane transporters","volume":"7","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Health Cytosk."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00712.2009","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the 21st Century","volume":"298","author":"Thorens","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJP Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607104028005364","article-title":"The glucose transporter families SGLT and GLUT: Molecular basis of normal and aberrant function","volume":"28","author":"Scheepers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00011.2007","article-title":"Facilitated hexose transporters: New perspectives on form and function","volume":"22","author":"Manolescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32026-4","article-title":"Glutamine 161 of GLUT1 glucose transporter is critical for transport activity and exofacial ligand binding","volume":"269","author":"Mueckler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3290289","article-title":"Serine 294 and threonine 259 in the exofacial loop domain between helices 7 and 8 of glucose transporters (GLUT) are involved in the conformational alterations during the transport process","volume":"329","author":"Doege","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42581-1","article-title":"Amino acids substitutions at tryptophan 388 and tryptophan 412 of the Hep62 (Glut1) glucose transporter inhibit transport activity and targeting to the plasma membrane in Xenopus oocytes","volume":"267","author":"Garcia","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1021\/bi972322u","article-title":"QLS motif in transmembrane helix VII of the glucose transporter family interacts with C-1 position of D-glucose and is involved in substrate selection at the exofacial binding site","volume":"37","author":"Seater","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.16.4467","article-title":"Identification of a mammalian H+-myoinositol symporter expressed predominantly in the brain","volume":"20","author":"Uldry","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(23)00121-4","article-title":"Human glucose transporters","volume":"45","author":"Longo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680110072140","article-title":"Structural analysis of the GLUT1 facilitative glucose transporter (Review)","volume":"18","author":"Hruz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/1044-7431(91)90066-W","article-title":"Expression of two glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 in cultured cerebral neurons: Evidence for neuron specific expression of GLUT3","volume":"2","author":"Maher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.13.7926364","article-title":"Glucose transporter protein in brain","volume":"8","author":"Maher","year":"1994","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.16.070196.001315","article-title":"Structure, function and regulation of the facilitative glucose transporter gene family","volume":"16","author":"Olson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)38267-X","article-title":"Brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) is selectively located to the blood-brain barrier. Studies with the quantitative Western blotting and in situ hybridization","volume":"265","author":"Pardridge","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(94)90328-X","article-title":"Differential glycosylation of the GLUT1 glucose transporter in brain capillaries and choroid plexus","volume":"1193","author":"Kumagai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81022-8","article-title":"Erythrocyte\/HepG2-type glucose transporter is concentrated in cells of blood-tissue barriers","volume":"173","author":"Takata","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(90)90125-U","article-title":"Facilitative glucose transporters: An expanding family","volume":"15","author":"Gould","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2950329","article-title":"The glucose transporter family: Structure, function and tissue-specific expression","volume":"295","author":"Gould","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01069.x","article-title":"Physiological leukocytosis during pregnancy with changes in glucose transporter expression of maternal peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes","volume":"48","author":"Korgun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4107com","article-title":"Vitamin C enter mitochondria via facilitative glucose transporter 1 (Glut 1) and confers mitochondrial protection against oxidative injury","volume":"19","author":"Sagun","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2858","article-title":"GLUT, SGLT, and SWEET: Structural and mechanistic investigations of the glucose transporters","volume":"25","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.045","article-title":"Infection of CD4+ lymphocytes by the glucose transporter GLUT1: Evidence using antibodies specific to the receptor\u2019s large extracellular domain","volume":"349","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8291","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00389-06","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 use different receptor complex to enter T cells","volume":"80","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"277","article-title":"GLUT-1 est le recepteur des retrovirus humains HTL","volume":"20","author":"Manel","year":"2004","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000071863","article-title":"Characterization of mammalian GLUT glucose transporters in a heterozygous yeast expression system","volume":"13","author":"Wieczorke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03058-2","article-title":"GLUT2 is a high affinity glucosamine transporter","volume":"524","author":"Uldry","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5434","article-title":"Sequence, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of mRNA encoding a human glucose transporter-like protein","volume":"85","author":"Fukumoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90051-7","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression in bacteria of a novel glucose transporter present in liver, intestine, kidney, and beta-pancreatic islet cells","volume":"55","author":"Thorens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)37577-5","article-title":"Evidence for a family of human glucose transporter-like proteins. Sequence and gene localization of a protein expressed in fetal skeletal muscle and other tissues","volume":"263","author":"Kayano","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C279","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1990.259.2.C279","article-title":"Liver glucose transporter: A basolateral protein in hepatocytes and intestine and kidney cells","volume":"259","author":"Thorens","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C286","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1990.259.2.C286","article-title":"Differential localization of two glucose transporter isoforms in rat kidney","volume":"259","author":"Thorens","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(02)51005-9","article-title":"Expression, regulation, and functional role of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in brain","volume":"51","author":"Dwyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01892.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic ependymal-glial cells express the glucose transporter 2 a protein involved in glucose sensing","volume":"86","author":"Garcia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.4A6375.2004","article-title":"GLUT2 immunoreactivity in Gomori-positive astrocytes of hypothalamus","volume":"52","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90653-X","article-title":"Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression in specific brain nuclei","volume":"638","author":"Leloup","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piroli, G.G., Grillo, C.A., Reznikov, L.R., and Reagan, L.P. (2007). Expression and functional activities of glucose transporters in central nervous system. Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30380-2_19"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.05.009","article-title":"Distribution and anatomical localization of the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the adult brain\u2014An immunohistochemical study","volume":"28","author":"Arluison","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00010.2007","article-title":"Brain glucose sensing, counterregulation, and energy homeostasis","volume":"22","author":"Marty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2900701","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of the liver-type (GLUT2) and brain type (GLUT3) glucose transporters in Xenopus oocytes; substrate specificities and effect of transport inhibitors","volume":"290","author":"Conville","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39181-1","article-title":"The high Km glucose transporter of islet Langerhans is functionally similar to the low affinity transporter of liver and has an identical primary sequence","volume":"265","author":"Jihnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48518-3","article-title":"Glucose transporter expression in brain. cDNA sequence of mouse GLUT3, the brain facilitative glucose transporter isoform, and identification of sites of expression by in-situ hybridization","volume":"267","author":"Nagamatsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19970901)49:5<617::AID-JNR12>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in rat brain","volume":"49","author":"Leino","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"R1488","article-title":"GLUT3 glucose transporter isoform in rat testis: Localization, effect of diabetes mellitus, and comparison to human testis","volume":"267","author":"Burant","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.1999.0448","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the human placenta","volume":"21","author":"Illsley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3795","article-title":"Glucose transporter GLUT3: Ontogeny, targeting and role in the mouse blastocyst","volume":"94","author":"Pantaleon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.138.2.323","article-title":"Trombin stimulates glucose transport in human platelets via the translocation of the glucose GLUT-3 from \u03b1-granules to the cell surface","volume":"138","author":"Heijnen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3180313","article-title":"Regulation of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3) in human endothelial cells","volume":"318","author":"Knott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(95)00306-D","article-title":"Discrete brain areas express the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4","volume":"38","author":"Leloup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1159\/000017333","article-title":"Glucose transporters expression in brain: Relationship to cerebral glucose utilization","volume":"20","author":"Vannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.02.041","article-title":"Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: Relationship to the synaptic function","volume":"490","author":"McEwen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602002000100004","article-title":"Glucose transporters: Expression, regulation and cancer","volume":"35","author":"Medina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C547","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.2.C547","article-title":"Differential targeting of facilitative glucose transporter in polarized epithelial cells","volume":"271","author":"Pascoe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32233","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402897200","article-title":"Intracellular delivery of phosphatidylionositol(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate causes incorporation of GLUT4 into the plasma membrane of muscle and fat cells without increasing glucose uptake","volume":"279","author":"Sweeney","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00017.2005","article-title":"Turning signals on and off: GLUT4 traffic in the insulin-signaling highway","volume":"20","author":"Thong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(96)00217-9","article-title":"Characterization of the rat Glut4 glucose transporter expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Comparison with the Glut1 glucose transporter","volume":"1324","author":"Kasahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i11.1657","article-title":"Intestinal sugar transport","volume":"12","author":"Drozdowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C795","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.3.C795","article-title":"Human intestinal glucose transporter expression and localization of GLUT5","volume":"292","author":"Davidson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.158667","article-title":"Fructose the odd man out. Why is the genomic control of intestinal GLUT5 expression different?","volume":"586","author":"Cheeseman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42067-4","article-title":"Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5","volume":"267","author":"Burant","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1067","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00250.2006","article-title":"Hexose transporter mRNA for GLUT4, GLUT5 and GLUT12 predominate in human muscle","volume":"291","author":"Stuart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199711)21:3<327::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Glucose transporter Glut5 expression in microglial cells","volume":"21","author":"Payne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01332-0","article-title":"Antiserum against human glucose transporter 5 is highly specific for microglia among cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system","volume":"338","author":"Sasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008","article-title":"Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease","volume":"295","author":"Douard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500771","article-title":"Activity and genomic organization of human glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), a novel member of the family of sugar transport facilitators predominantly expressed in brain and leukocytes","volume":"350","author":"Doege","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20606","article-title":"Differential subcellular distribution of glucose transporters GLUT1-6 and GLUT9 in human cancer: Ultrastructural localization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in breast tumor tissue","volume":"207","author":"Godoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G236","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00396.2003","article-title":"Cloning and functional characterization of the human GLUT7 isoform SLC2A7 from the small intestine","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E238","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90394.2008","article-title":"GLUT7: A new intestinal hexose transporter","volume":"295","author":"Cheeseman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E225","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90406.2008","article-title":"Insight into the \u201codd\u201d hexose transporters GLUT3, GLUT5, and GLUT7","volume":"295","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E614","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.91019.2008","article-title":"Glut8, the enigmatic intracellular hexose transporter","volume":"296","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3580517","article-title":"Targeting of GLUT6 (formerly GLUT9) and GLUT8 in rat adipose cells","volume":"358","author":"Lisinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.1.8587","article-title":"Immunolocalization of GLUTX1 in the testis and to specific brain areas and vasopressin-containing neurons","volume":"143","author":"Ibbersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"904","article-title":"Glut8 expression in the blood retinal barrier","volume":"43","author":"Henry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Ophtalmal. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800656","article-title":"GLUT1 and GLUT8 in endometrium and endometrial adenocarcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Goldman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Modern Pathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.6.1729","article-title":"Glucose transporter 8 expression and translocation are critical for murine blastocyst survival","volume":"66","author":"Pinto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Tartaglia, L.A., and Weng, X. (1999). Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding GLUTX and Uses Thereof. (No. 09\/031,392), USPTO Patent Application."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2000.6195","article-title":"Cloning and expression analyses of a novel member of the facilitative glucose transporter SLC2A9 (GLUT9)","volume":"66","author":"Phay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16229","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312226200","article-title":"Identification and characterization of human glucose transporter-like protein 9 (GLUT9): Alternative splicing alters trafficking","volume":"279","author":"Augustin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0010","article-title":"Mouse glucose transporter 9 splice variants are expressed in adult liver and kidney and are up-regulated in diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Keembiyehetty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2004.11.024","article-title":"Expression of GLUT1 and GLUT9 facilitative glucose transporters in embryonic chondroblasts and mature chondrocytes in ovine articular cartilage","volume":"29","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F612","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00139.2009","article-title":"Mouse GLUT9: Evidences for a urate uniporter","volume":"297","author":"Bibert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caulfield, M.J., Monroe, P.B., O\u2019Neil, D., Witkowska, K., Charchar, F.J., Doblado, M., Evans, S., Eyheramendy, S., Onipinla, A., and Howard, P. (2008). SLC2A9 is a high capacity urate transporter in humans. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050197"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2000.6457","article-title":"Molecular cloning of a novel member of the GLUT family of Transporters, SLC2A10 (GLUT10), localized on chromosome 20q13.1: A candidate gene for NIDDM susceptibility","volume":"72","author":"Lamson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002763","article-title":"Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): Expressed families of sugar transport protein","volume":"89","author":"Woods","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.2001.3212","article-title":"Sequence and functional analysis of GLUT10: A glucose transporter in Type 2 diabetes-linked region of chromosome 20q12-13.1","volume":"74","author":"Dawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3590443","article-title":"Characterization of human glucose transporter (GLUT) 11 (encoded by SLC2A11), a novel sugar-transport facilitator specifically expressed in heart and skeletal muscle","volume":"359","author":"Doege","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/09687860500166143","article-title":"Characterization of the human SLC2A11 (GLUT11) gene: Alternative promoter, usage, function, expression, and subcellular distribution of three isoforms, and lack of mouse orthologue","volume":"22","author":"Scheepers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E733","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2002.282.3.E733","article-title":"Identification of a novel transporter-like protein-GLUT-12","volume":"283","author":"Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0162","article-title":"Insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT12 parallels that of GLUT4 in normal muscle","volume":"94","author":"Stuart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0925","article-title":"GLUT12 expression in human placenta in first trimester and term","volume":"24","author":"Gude","year":"2003","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.315","article-title":"The protein family of glucose transporters: It\u2019s not only about glucose after all","volume":"62","author":"Augustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600072","article-title":"Regulated exocytosis of an H+\/myo-inositol symporter at synapses and growth cones","volume":"23","author":"Uldry","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Daniel, E., Mok, M.H., Mead, E., Mutinelli, C., Zambello, E., Caberlotto, L.L., Pell, T.J., Langmead, C.J., Shah, A.J., and Duddy, G. (2009). Evaluation of expression and function of the H+\/myo-inositol transporter HMIT. BMC Cell Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-10-54"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2002.7010","article-title":"GLUT14, a duplication of GLUT3, is especially expressed in testis as alternative splice forms","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1139\/y58-040","article-title":"Effects of cation on sugar absorption by isolated surviving guinea pig intestine","volume":"36","author":"Riklis","year":"1958","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"891","article-title":"Hypothesis for mechanism of intestinal active transport of sugars","volume":"21","author":"Crane","year":"1962","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Na+-dependent transporter in the intestine and other animal sugars","volume":"24","author":"Crane","year":"1965","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00055.2009","article-title":"Biology of human sodium glucose transporters","volume":"91","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00026.2004","article-title":"Surprising versatility of Na+\/glucose cotransporters: SLC5","volume":"19","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"F10","article-title":"Renal Na+\/glucose cotransporters","volume":"280","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1202-0","article-title":"The sodium\/glucose cotransporter family SLC5","volume":"447","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002329900264","article-title":"Membrane topology motifs in the SGLT cotransporter family","volume":"159","author":"Turk","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianche, L., and Diez-Sampedro, A. (2010). A single amino acid change converts the sugar sensor SGLT3 into a sugar transporter. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010241"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36592-4","article-title":"Structure of the human Na+\/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT1","volume":"269","author":"Turk","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10029","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.17.10029","article-title":"Sugar binding to Na+\/glucose cotransporters is determined by the C-terminal half of the protein","volume":"271","author":"Loo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10631","article-title":"Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+\/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72677-1","article-title":"Cloning and expression of bovine sodium\/glucose cotransporters","volume":"88","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Diary Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-004-0633-9","article-title":"Localization of the Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in the blood-brain barrier","volume":"121","author":"Elfeber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131012629","article-title":"The role of glucose transporters in brain disease: Diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.146589","article-title":"A functional role of sodium-dependent glucose transporter across the blood-brain barrier during oxygen glucose deprivation","volume":"328","author":"Venula","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09606","article-title":"Sugar transporters for intracellular exchange and nutrition of pathogens","volume":"468","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0631h.x","article-title":"Isotonic transport by the Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 from humans and rabbit","volume":"531","author":"Zeuthen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.018713","article-title":"Water pumps","volume":"42","author":"Loo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00251.x","article-title":"Urea transport by cotransporters","volume":"528","author":"Leung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00419.x","article-title":"Mapping the urea channel through the rabbit Na+\/glucose cotransporter SGLT1","volume":"535","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(96)80022-6","article-title":"Sodium cotransporters","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"F459","article-title":"The cloning of a human kidney cDNA with similarity to the sodium\/glucose cotransporter","volume":"263","author":"Wells","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1411","article-title":"Localization of the Na+\/glucose cotransporter gene SGLT2 to human chromosome 16 close to the centromere","volume":"17","author":"Wells","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53880-1","article-title":"Cloning and expression of a mammalian Na+\/amino acid cotransporter with sequence similarity to Na+\/glucose cotransporters","volume":"268","author":"Kong","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31672-1","article-title":"SAA1 is a low affinity Na+\/glucose cotransporter and not an amino acid transporter. A reinterpretation","volume":"269","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116972","article-title":"The human kidney low affinity Na+\/glucose cotransporter SGLT2. Delineation of the major renal reabsorption mechanism for D-glucose","volume":"93","author":"Kanai","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F278","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.2.F278","article-title":"Na+-to-sugar stoichiometry of SGLT3","volume":"280","author":"Eskanderi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.06.033","article-title":"A novel SGLT is expressed in the human kidney","volume":"690","author":"Kothinti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.016","article-title":"SLC5A9\/SGLT4, a new Na+-dependent glucose transporter, is an essential transporter for mannose and fructose","volume":"76","author":"Tazawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.12.027","article-title":"Functional characterization of SGLT-5 as a novel kidney-specific sodium-dependent sugar transporter","volume":"586","author":"Grempler","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szablewski, L. (2014). Mammalian sugar transporters. Glucose Homeostasis, InTech. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.5772\/57190"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35219","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204321200","article-title":"Identification of a novel Na+\/myo-inositol cotransporter","volume":"299","author":"Coady","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940060116","article-title":"Identification of Syllo-inositol in proton NMR spectra in human brain in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Michaelis","year":"1993","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2007.00975.x","article-title":"The sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter SLC5A11 as an autoimmune modifier gene in SLE","volume":"71","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H.T.B., Dahlin, A., and Wang, J. (2012). Expression profiling of solute carrier gene families at the blood-CSF barrier. Front. Pharmacol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00154"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1083","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the sodium\/iodide symporter: Impact on thyroid and extrathyroid pathophysiology","volume":"80","author":"Dohan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220744","article-title":"Anion selectivity by the sodium iodide symporter","volume":"144","author":"Massart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0290711","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of a murine hemi-cholinum-3-sensitive choline transporter","volume":"29","author":"Appansundaram","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.108555","article-title":"Establishing a definitive stoichiometry for the Na+\/monocarboxylate cotransporter SMCT","volume":"93","author":"Coady","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.06.031","article-title":"Cloning and functional characterization of human SMCT2 (SLC5A12) and expression pattern in kidney","volume":"1768","author":"Gopal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"(2025, June 01). Expression of SLC50A1 in Cancer\u2013Summary the Human Protein Atlas. Available online: www.proteinatlas.org\/ENSG00000169241-SLC50A1\/pathology."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50009","article-title":"Intestinal glucose transport: Evidence for a membrane traffic-based pathway in humans","volume":"124","author":"Santer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64041734.x","article-title":"Lactate metabolism and its effect on glucose metabolism in an exercised tissue","volume":"64","author":"Larrabel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0471","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging","volume":"254","author":"Magistretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012613","article-title":"Relation of potassium transport to oxidative metabolism in isolated brain capillaries","volume":"286","author":"Goldstein","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00370-2","article-title":"Is there an astrocyte-neuron ketone body shuttle?","volume":"12","author":"Guzman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04074-4","article-title":"The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease","volume":"79","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.137","article-title":"The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of progress","volume":"66","author":"Francis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32834cd45b","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria for degenerative and cognitive disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-020002","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981814","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4981814","article-title":"Metabolism: A novel shared link between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2020","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szablewski, L. (2025). Association between diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020542"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rorbach-Dolata, A., and Piwowar, A. (2019). Neurometabolic evidence supporting the hypothesis of increased incidence of Type 3 diabetes mellitus in the 21st century. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1435276"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamz\u00e9, R., Delangre, E., Tolu, S., Moreau, M., Janel, N., Bailb\u00e9, D., and Movassat, J. (2022). Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Shared molecular mechanisms and potential common therapeutic targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315287"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01577","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1577","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes: Alzheimer\u2019s as a case study","volume":"10","author":"Madhusudhanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15166","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, a systematic review of proteomic studies","volume":"156","author":"Caramelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S., and Mudher, A. (2018). Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes: A critical assessment of the shared pathological traits. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00383"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200028","article-title":"The brain insulin signal transduction system and sporadic (type II) Alzheimer disease: An update","volume":"109","author":"Hoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-013-1408-x","article-title":"Deregulation of brain insulin signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.07.021","article-title":"Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Cunnane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400897","article-title":"Loss-of-function presenilin mutations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, talking point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160314150501","article-title":"Molecular basis of familial and sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Doroszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp406","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Bertram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S74042","article-title":"Link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease from epidemiology to mechanism and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Intern. Aging"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisilevsky, R., Raimondi, S., and Bellotti, V. (2016). Historical and current concepts of fibrillogenesis and in vivo amyloidogenesis: Implications of amyloid tissue targeting. Front. Mol. Biosci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2016.00017"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12506","article-title":"Current and future treatment of amyloid diseases","volume":"280","author":"Ancarcona","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2011.00513.x","article-title":"Widespread \u03c4 and amyloid-\u03b2 pathology many years after a single traumatic brain injury in humans","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14506.1","article-title":"Current understanding of Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Weller","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0119dzikowska, A., and Szablewski, L. (2021). Insulin and insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189987"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/416535a","article-title":"Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid \u03b2 protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo","volume":"416","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlanga-Acosta, J., Guill\u00e9n-Nieto, G., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, N., Bringas-Veg\u00e1, M.L., Garcia-del-Barc\u00f3-Herrera, D., Berlanga-Saez, J.O., Garcia-Oj\u00e1lvo, A., Vald\u00e9s-Sosa, M.J., and Vald\u00e9s-Sosa, P.A. (2020). Insulin resistance at the crossroad of Alzheimer disease pathology: A review. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.560375"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.011015","article-title":"Insulin receptor dysfunction of neurotic oligomeric A\u03b2","volume":"289","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumminia, A., Vinciguerra, F., Parisi, M., and Frittitla, L. (2018). Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Role of insulin signaling and therapeutic implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113306"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-015-0025-8","article-title":"Regulation of human MAPT gene expression","volume":"10","author":"Buee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.08.018","article-title":"Tau and tauopathies","volume":"126","author":"Arendt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2004.06.017","article-title":"Tau phosphorylation, physiological and pathological consequences","volume":"1739","author":"Stoothoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn326","article-title":"Dissociation of tau toxicity and phosphorylation: Role of GSK-3beta, MARK, and Cdk5 in Drosophila model","volume":"18","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burillo, J., Margu\u00e9s, P., Jim\u00e9nez, B., Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanco, C., Benito, M., and Guill\u00e9n, C. (2021). Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051236"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0551-7","article-title":"Systemic and central nervous system metabolic alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Teav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-03-01046.1997","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2-peptide impairs glucose transport in hippocampal and cortical neurons: Involvement of membrane lipid peroxidation","volume":"17","author":"Mark","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.07.017","article-title":"Increased glucose transport into neurons rescues A\u03b2 toxicity in Drosophila","volume":"26","author":"Niccoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03159971","article-title":"Oxidative energy metabolism in Alzheimer brain. Studies in early-onset and late-onset cases","volume":"16","author":"Hoyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Chem. Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270502","article-title":"Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Correlation with cognitive severity","volume":"27","author":"DeKosky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0519","article-title":"Alteration in the function and expression of SLC and ABC transporters in the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and the clinical significance","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.65","article-title":"Diminished glucose transport in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Dynamic PET studies","volume":"11","author":"Jagust","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"201","article-title":"Diminished glucose transport and phosphorylation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease determined by FDG-PET","volume":"37","author":"Piert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.11.1427","article-title":"Regional cerebral glucose transport and utilization in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Friedland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360522","article-title":"Reduced glucose transporter concentrations in brain of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Simpson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1139\/y92-252","article-title":"Changes in the glucose transporter of brain capillaries","volume":"70","author":"Harik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07399.x","article-title":"Reduced glucose transporter at the blood-brain barrier in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Kalaria","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrtata, N., Emsley, H.C.A., Sparasci, O., Parkes, L.M., and Dickie, B.R. (2021). A systemic review of glucose transport alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.626636"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.12.035","article-title":"Decreased glucose transporters correlate to abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.011","article-title":"Evidence for brain glucose dysregulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.001","article-title":"Alzheimer amyloid-\u03b2-peptide disrupts membrane localization of glucose transporter 1 in astrocytes: Implications for glucose levels in brain and blood","volume":"97","author":"Hendrix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090157","article-title":"Dysregulation of insulin signaling, glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments in the brain","volume":"175","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06320.x","article-title":"Brain glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17478","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209281109","article-title":"Normal glucose uptake in the brain and heart requires an endothelial cell-specific HIF-1\u03b1-dependent function","volume":"109","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp099","article-title":"Reduced O-GlcNAcylation links lower brain glucose metabolism and tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1227","article-title":"CREB regulates the expression of neuronal glucose transporter 3: A possible mechanism related to impaired brain glucose uptake in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Acid. Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.063","article-title":"Amyloid beta deposition is related to decreased glucose transporter-1 levels and hippocampal atrophy in brain of aged APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"1181","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132498","article-title":"Expression of glucose transporter GLUT12 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"42","author":"Martisova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01743-1","article-title":"GLUT12 expression in brain of mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Solas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2_Suppl_2.S30","article-title":"Neostriatal mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Chase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00467-8","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and glucose metabolism impairment","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Translat. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, F., Fellner, A., and Kumar, K.R. (2022). Monogenic Parkinson\u2019s disease: Genotype, phenotype, pathophysiology, and genetic testing. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030471"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/157015907780866893","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Genetics and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Inamdar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2015.0204","article-title":"Low cerebral glucose metabolism: A potential predictor for severity of vascular Parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110672","article-title":"Glucose metabolism impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"199","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sian-Hulsmann, J., Rieder, P., and Michel, T.M. (2024). Metabolic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Unraveling the glucose-lipid connection. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122841"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanvir, A., Jo, J., and Park, S.M. (2024). Targeting glucose metabolism: A novel therapeutic approach for Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221876"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42862-7","article-title":"A reversible state of hypometabolism in a human cellular model of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Schmidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130190","article-title":"Unaltered lactate and glucose transport levels in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Puchades","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.07.006","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of the chemical chaperone, trehalose in a chronic MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"44","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.03.015","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of acetyl-1-carmitine (ALC) in a chronic MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model: Endothelial and microglial effects","volume":"703","author":"Burks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172286","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.172286","article-title":"Glymphatic influx and clearance are perturbed in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0893-398","article-title":"The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Andrew","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12481","article-title":"Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"501","author":"Jucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu022","article-title":"Copy- number variation of the neuronal glucose transporter gene SLC2A3 and age of onset in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Vittori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-P., Wu, C.-W., and Chern, Y. (2024). Metabolic dysregulation in Huntington\u2019s disease. Neuronal and glial perspectives. Neurobiol. Dis., 201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106672"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2017.e00381","article-title":"Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis of Huntington\u2019s disease model reveal changes in intracellular glucose levels and related genes","volume":"3","author":"Chaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.223","article-title":"Cortical glucose metabolism in Huntington disease","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230603","article-title":"Positron emission tomography scan investigations of Huntington\u2019s disease: Cerebral metabolic correlates of cognitive function","volume":"23","author":"Berent","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430216","article-title":"[11C] Raclopride-PET studies of the Huntington\u2019s disease rate of progression: Relevance of the trinucleotide repeat length","volume":"43","author":"Antonini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63041392.x","article-title":"Glucose transporter isoform expression in Huntington\u2019s disease brain","volume":"63","author":"Gambino","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221135061","article-title":"Potential mechanisms to modify impaired glucose metabolism in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"43","author":"McDonald","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0562","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease of the endocrine pancreas: Insulin deficiency and diabetes mellitus due to impaired insulin gene expression","volume":"11","author":"Andreassen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45691","article-title":"Energy deficit in Huntington disease: Why it matters","volume":"121","author":"Mochel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00602-1","article-title":"Quantifiable bradykinesia, gait abnormalities and Huntington\u2019s disease-like striatal lesions in rats chronically treated with 3-nitropropionic acid","volume":"79","author":"Guyot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-170264","article-title":"Towards an understanding of energy impairment in Huntington\u2019s disease brain","volume":"6","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.09.004","article-title":"Mutant huntingtin and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Petrilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trend. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.024","article-title":"Beyond the redox imbalance: Oxidative stress contributes to an impaired GLUT3 modulation in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Moll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0178-7","article-title":"Glucose transporter 3 is a rab11-dependent trafficking cargo and its transport to the cell surface is reduced in neurons CAG140 Huntington\u2019s mice","volume":"2","author":"McClory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109053251006","article-title":"Defective glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier as a cause of persistent hypoglycorrhachia, seizures, and developmental delay","volume":"325","author":"Trifiletti","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2009.02.008","article-title":"The expanding phenotype of GLUT1-deficiency syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Brockmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Develop."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.07.003","article-title":"GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2013: Current state of the art","volume":"22","author":"Veggiotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12007","article-title":"Early onset absence epilepsy: 1 in 10 cases is caused by GLUT1 deficiency","volume":"53","author":"Arsov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_253","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Brain glucose transporters. Implications for neurologic disease","volume":"85","author":"Benarroch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Implic. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9672-6","article-title":"Glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Function, regulation and gateways for drug delivery","volume":"54","author":"Patching","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0298-188","article-title":"GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome caused by haploinsufficiency of the blood-brain barrier hexose carrier","volume":"18","author":"Seider","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2011.115","article-title":"SLC2A1 gene analysis of Japanese patients with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp336","article-title":"Glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome: The expanding clinical and genetic spectrum of a treatable disorder","volume":"133","author":"Leen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13163","article-title":"Evaluation of non-coding variation in GLUT1 deficiency","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2017.45","article-title":"Upstream SLC2A1 translocation initiation causes GLUT1 deficiency syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Willemsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248264","article-title":"Autosomal recessive inheritance of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Klepper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22088","article-title":"Glut1 deficiency: Inheritance pattern determined by haploinsufficiency","volume":"68","author":"Rotstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20331","article-title":"Glut-1 deficiency syndrome: Clinical, genetic and therapeutic aspects","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12414","article-title":"Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome (Glut1DS): State of the art in 2020 and recommendations of the international Glut1DS study group","volume":"5","author":"Klepper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1587","article-title":"Modulation and compensation of the mRNA expression of energy related transporters in the brain of glucose transporter 1-deficient mice","volume":"29","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl032","article-title":"A mouse model for Glut-1 haploinsufficiency","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13167","article-title":"Use of modified Atkins diet in glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Amolou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Des. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.6.8243275","article-title":"Ischemic injury induces brain glucose transporter gene expression","volume":"133","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67010265.x","article-title":"Expression of glucose transporters in rat brain following transient focal ischemic injury","volume":"67","author":"Urabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)90167-8","article-title":"GLUT1 and GLUT3 gene expression in gerbil brain following brief ischemia: On in situ hybridization study","volume":"25","author":"Gerhart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"1996","article-title":"Dynamic expression of glucose transporters 1 and 3 in the brain of diabetic rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8922","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-08922.2002","article-title":"Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the rat cerebral cortex after transient global ischemia: Potential role of insulin-like growth factor-1","volume":"22","author":"Chavez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199601000-00008","article-title":"Forebrain ischemia increases GLUT1 protein in brain microvessels and parenchyma","volume":"16","author":"McCall","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0354-09.2009","article-title":"Regulation of glucose transporter 3 surface expression by the AMP-activated protein kinase mediates tolerance to glutamate excitation in neurons","volume":"29","author":"Weisova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.3.0379","article-title":"An additional therapeutic effect of adequate hyperventilation in severe acute brain trauma: Normalization of cerebral glucose uptake","volume":"82","author":"Cruz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.2.0241","article-title":"Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe traumatic brain injury in humans: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"86","author":"Bergsneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1996.13.523","article-title":"Glut1 glucose transporter activity in human brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Cornford","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.193","article-title":"Hypoxia-induces factor 1 is essential for spontaneous recovery from traumatic brain injury and is a key mediator of heat acclimation induced neuroprotection","volume":"33","author":"Umschweif","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.01.077","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha signaling in aquaporin upregulation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"453","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150152693700","article-title":"Increased expression of neuronal glucose transporter 3 but not glial glucose transporter 1 following severe diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"18","author":"Hamlin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1002\/brx2.52","article-title":"Prospects of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain-X"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1584","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cereda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, L., Fu, D.L., Li, H.Q., Liu, A.J., Li, J.H., and Zheng, G.Q. (2014). Diabetes and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: An updated meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085781"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23687","article-title":"Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"Noyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3549","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003549","article-title":"Risk of Parkinson disease in diabetes mellitus: An updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies","volume":"95","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.332122","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and diabetes mellitus: Common mechanisms and treatment repurposing","volume":"17","author":"Labandeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2021.0056","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Similarities in pathomechanisms lead to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"55","author":"Bednarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220021","article-title":"Emerging pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An old wine in a new bottle","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15508","article-title":"Protective properties of GLP-1 and associated hormones in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"179","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806720106","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor stimulation preserves primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons in cellular and rodent models of stroke and Parkinsonism","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21483","article-title":"Peptide hormone exendin-4 stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain and induces recovery in an animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Bertilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-19","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation reverses key deficits in distinct rodent models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Harkavyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.04.052","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of liraglutide ameliorates learning and memory impairment by modulation tau hyperphosphorylation via the glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 pathway in an amyloid \u03b2 protein induced Alzheimer disease mouse model","volume":"783","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0529-11.2011","article-title":"The diabetes drug liraglutide prevents degenerative processes in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"McClean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.009","article-title":"Liraglutide protects against amyloid-\u03b2 protein-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in rats","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.C., Lin, T.C., Ho, H.L., Kuo, C.-Y., Li, H.-H., Korolenko, T.A., Chen, W.-J., Lai, T.-J., Ho, Y.-J., and Lin, C.-L. (2018). GLP-1 analogue liraglutide attenuates mutant huntingtin-induced neurotoxicity by restoration of neuronal insulin signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0527.v1"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-021-00873-9","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation dilates cerebral arterioles, increases cerebral blood flow, and mediates remote (pre)conditioning neuroprotection against ischemic stroke","volume":"116","author":"Nizari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.111932","article-title":"Exenatide alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in 5xFAD, mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"370","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.04.006","article-title":"Extendin-4 attenuates brain mitochondrial toxicity through PI3K\/Akt-independent pathway in amyloid (1\u201342)-induced cognitive deficit rats","volume":"128","author":"Garabadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_299","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Exendin-4 and lingliptin attenuate neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural. Regen."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01792-4","article-title":"Incretin and insulin targets for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Nowell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2020.1738383","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance: Role in neurodegenerative disease and potential for targeting","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.03.059","article-title":"Effect of D-Ala2GIP, a stable GIP receptor agonist on MPTP-induced neuronal impairments in mice","volume":"84","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.10.045","article-title":"The incretin analogue D-Ala261P reduces plague load, astrogliosis and oxidative stress in an APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"228","author":"Duffy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.11.050","article-title":"D-Ala2-GIP-glu-PAL is neuroprotective in a chronic Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model and increases BNDF expression while reducing neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation","volume":"797","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180584","article-title":"The novel DA-CH3 dual incretin restores endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy impairments to attenuate Alzheimer-like pathology and cognitive decrements in the APPSWE\/PS1\u0394E9 mouse model","volume":"66","author":"Panagaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533317520953041","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317520953041","article-title":"The dual GLP\/GIP receptor agonist DA4-JC shows superior protective properties compared to GLP-1 analog Liraglutide in APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Maskery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.03.024","article-title":"DAS-CH, a novel GLP-GIP dual agonist, effectively ameliorates the cognitive impairments and pathology in the APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"827","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.012","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1\/GIP\/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP\/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1678","author":"Tai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22837","article-title":"A novel GLP-1\/GIP\/Gcg triagonist reduces cognitive deficits and pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108042","article-title":"A GLP-1\/GIP\/Gcg receptor trigonist improves memory behavior, as well as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability and Ca2+ homeostasis in 3xTg-AD mice","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_311","unstructured":"Choi, I.Y., Lee, J.S., Kim, J.K., Park, Y.J., Lee, S.H., Kim, Y.H., Kim, S.J., and Kwon, S.C. (2017, January 9\u201313). Potent body weight loss and efficacy in a NASH animal model by a novel long-lasting GLP-1\/Glucagon\/GIP triple-agonist (HM15211). Proceedings of the American Diabetes Association\u2019s 77th Scientific Session, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810-P","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-1810-P","article-title":"1810-P: Effect of HM15211, a novel long-acting GLP-1\/GIP\/Glucagon triple agonist in the neurodegenerative disease models","volume":"68","author":"Wonki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706441","article-title":"Randomized trial of verubecestat for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"378","author":"Egan","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6074","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0125-7","article-title":"Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, mitigates cognitive deficits and pathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Kosaraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa262","article-title":"Diabetes medications and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cohort study of patients with diabetes","volume":"143","author":"Brauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26734","article-title":"Reduced incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease after dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors\u2013A nationwide case-control study","volume":"31","author":"Svennigsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00085","article-title":"Glitazones activate PGC-1\u03b1 signaling via PPAR-\u03b3 a promising strategy for antiparkinsonism therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Justin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.08.043","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) as therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"483","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-014-0228-7","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500369","article-title":"Efficacy of rosiglitazone in a genetically defined population with mild-to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Risner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000318845","article-title":"Rosiglitazone, monotherapy in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study","volume":"30","author":"Gold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e963","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz234","article-title":"Metformin and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease among community-dwelling people with diabetes: A randomized case-control study","volume":"105","author":"Sluggett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001370","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001370","article-title":"Association between metformin and neurodegenerative diseases of observational studies: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ping","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab. Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00337-8","article-title":"Anti-obesity drug discovery: Advances and challenges","volume":"21","author":"DiMarchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa032","article-title":"Revisiting the complexity of GLP-1 action from sites of synthesis to receptor reaction","volume":"42","author":"McLean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1675","article-title":"Expression and distribution of glucose-like peptide-1 receptor mRNA, protein and binding in the male nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) brain","volume":"156","author":"Heppner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3874-y","article-title":"GLP-1 receptors exist in the parietal cortex, hypothalamus and medulla of human brains and the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide alters brain activity related to highly desirable food cues in individuals with diabetes: A crossover randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Farr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717721234","article-title":"A new treatment strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease through the gut-brain axis: The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor pathway","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_329","unstructured":"Joint Formulary Committee (2020). British National Formulary on Line, BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4920-04.2005","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is expressed in adult hippocampus and induces progenitor cell proliferation","volume":"25","author":"Nyberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_331","first-page":"2099","article-title":"Immunohistochemical distribution of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in the adult rat brain","volume":"85","author":"Nyberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.012","article-title":"Two dual GLP1\/GIP receptor agonists are neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wu, J., Zhu, L., Sha, L., Yang, S., Wei, J., Ji, L., Tang, X., Mao, K., and Cao, L. (2018). Insulin degrading enzyme contributes to the pathology in a mixed model of Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Possible mechanisms of IDE in T2D and AD. Biosci. Rep., 38.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20170862"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.12.009","article-title":"Metformin treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition and memory impairment in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"69","author":"Ou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181240","article-title":"Metformin improves learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Farr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8754","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1025-9","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A molecular point of view","volume":"55","author":"Biosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0229","article-title":"Increased risk of cognitive impairment in patients with diabetes is associated with metformin","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104611","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects of anti-diabetes medications: A mechanistic review","volume":"152","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labandeira, C.M., Fraga-Bau, A., Ron, D.A., Mu\u00f1oz, A., Alonso-Losada, G., Koukoulis, A., Romero-Lopez, J., and Rodriguez-Perez, A.I. (2021). Diabetes, insulin and new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2021.100914"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108173","article-title":"Metformin regulates astrocyte reactivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease and normal aging","volume":"175","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7392\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:34Z","timestamp":1760033974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":340,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26157392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26157392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}}}