{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:53:51Z","timestamp":1789098831584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.Z516.24.052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.Z516.24.052"]}]},{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University","award":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic infected wounds remain a major medical challenge, particularly in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate chitosan-based (CS) sponges enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) as potential antimicrobial wound dressings. The composite sponges were fabricated using microcrystalline CS (MKCh) and 5% (w\/w) GO, followed by freeze-drying and \u03b3-sterilization (25 kGy). Physico-mechanical characterization showed that GO incorporation did not significantly alter tensile strength, while absorption and sorption capacities were improved, especially after sterilization. Structural and spectroscopic analyses confirmed increased porosity and molecular interaction between CS and GO. Cytocompatibility was verified in vitro using L-929 fibroblasts, with no cytotoxic effects observed in indirect contact. Antimicrobial activity tests demonstrated that GO-modified dressings exhibited enhanced activity against E. coli and S. aureus, though results were strain-dependent and not uniformly superior to CS alone. Notably, antifungal efficacy against C. albicans was reduced with GO addition. Overall, the developed GO-enriched CS sponges present favorable biocompatibility, mechanical resilience, and selective antimicrobial activity, supporting their potential application in chronic wound management. Further optimization of GO concentration and formulation is warranted to maximize antimicrobial efficacy across a broader spectrum of pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T15:56:16Z","timestamp":1754409376000},"page":"7403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Graphene Oxide-Enhanced Chitosan Sponges as a Potential Antimicrobial Wound Dressing for Infected Wound Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Sare\u0142o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Stanis\u0142awa Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5666-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Wi\u015bniewska-Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Circular Economy, \u0141UKASIEWICZ Research Network\u2014\u0141\u00f3d\u017a Institute of Technology, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 19\/27, 90-570 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Circular Economy, \u0141UKASIEWICZ Research Network\u2014\u0141\u00f3d\u017a Institute of Technology, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 19\/27, 90-570 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1226-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Mielan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2148-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriy","family":"Gerasymchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"W\u0119dzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6652-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitalii","family":"Boiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Hreniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4251-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Szymonowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Sobieszcza\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Tytusa Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 4, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wawrzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, 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