{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:46:25Z","timestamp":1788997585877,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PSC-CUNY Award","award":["66178-00 54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66178-00 54"]}]},{"name":"Professional Staff Congress","award":["66178-00 54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["66178-00 54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy affects approximately 30\u201340% of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and is a major contributor to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). While angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have long served as a standard treatment, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have recently gained attention for their renal and cardiovascular benefits. However, comparative real-world data on their long-term renal effectiveness remain limited. We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal study over a 2-year period to compare the impact of ARB monotherapy versus SGLT2i and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) combination therapy on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with DM. A total of 126 patients were included and grouped based on treatment regimen. Renal biomarkers were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA (p &lt; 0.01). Albuminuria was qualitatively classified via urinalysis as negative, level 1 (+1), level 2 (+2), or level 3 (+3). The ARB group demonstrated higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lower serum creatinine (sCr) levels than the combination therapy group, with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), potassium (K+), and blood pressure remaining within normal limits in both cohorts. Albuminuria remained stable over time, with 60.8% of ARB users and 73.1% of combination therapy users exhibiting persistently or on-average negative results. Despite the expected additive benefits of SGLT2i\/ACEi therapy, ARB monotherapy was associated with slightly more favorable renal function markers and a lower incidence of severe albuminuria. These findings suggest a need for further controlled studies to clarify the comparative long-term renal effects of these treatment regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T15:56:16Z","timestamp":1754409376000},"page":"7412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of ARB Monotherapy and SGLT2\/ACE Inhibitor Combination Therapy in the Renal Function of Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Ngai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Building 6S, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqsa","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Kettering Lab Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0762-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Building 6S, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Arca-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Building 5S, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem Ul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AZZ Medical Associates, 631 Broadway, Suite 2, Bayonne, NJ 07002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Livetsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Building 6S, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelina","family":"Rokicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Building 6S, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7314-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiryn D.","family":"Sukhram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Building 6S, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimbudzi, E., Lo, C., Ranasinha, S., Gallagher, M., Fulcher, G., Kerr, P.G., Russell, G., Teed, H., Usherwood, T., and Walker, R. 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