{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:08:10Z","timestamp":1788469690667,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, essential rose oils and rose products have gained increasing importance in both the cosmetic and food industries, as well as in the composition of medicinal products. We investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of essential oil and floral water from Rosa damascena Mill against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in rabbit retinal cells (RRCs). The composition of the main chemical components in the rose essential oil was determined by means of gas chromatographic analysis. The effect on the viral replication cycle was determined using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. The virucidal activity, the effect on the adsorption stage of the virus to the host cell, and the protective effect on healthy cells were evaluated using the endpoint dilution method. The effects were determined as deviation in the viral titer, \u0394lg, for the treated cells from the one for the untreated viral control. The identified main active components of rose oil are geraniol (28.73%), citronellol (21.50%), nonadecane (13.13%), nerol (5.51%), heneicosane (4.87%), nonadecene (3.93), heptadecane (2.29), farnesol (2.11%), tricosane (1.29%), eicosane (1.01%), and eugenol (0.85%). The results demonstrated that both rose products do not have a significant effect on the virus replication but directly affect the viral particles and reduce the viral titer by \u0394lg = 3.25 for floral water and by \u0394lg = 3.0 for essential oil. Significant inhibition of the viral adsorption stage was also observed, leading to a decrease in the viral titers by \u0394lg = 2.25 for floral water and by \u0394lg = 2.0 for essential oil. When pretreating healthy cells with rose products, both samples significantly protected them from subsequent infection with HSV-1. This protective effect was more pronounced for the oil (\u0394lg = 2.5) compared to the one for the floral water (\u0394lg = 2.0). We used the in silico molecular docking method to gain insight into the mechanism of hindrance of viral adsorption by the main rose oil compounds (geraniol, citronellol, nerol). These components targeted the HSV-1 gD interaction surface with nectin-1 and HVEM (Herpesvirus Entry Mediator) host cell receptors, at N-, C-ends, and N-end, respectively. These findings could provide a structural framework for further development of anti-HSV-1 therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T07:45:11Z","timestamp":1754466311000},"page":"7521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity of Rosa damascena Mill Essential Oil and Floral Water in Retinal Infection In Vitro and In Silico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4772-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neli","family":"Vilhelmova-Ilieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayna","family":"Nenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Roses and Aromatic Plants, Agricultural Academy, 49 Osvobozdhenie Blvd., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalin","family":"Kalinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Roses and Aromatic Plants, Agricultural Academy, 49 Osvobozdhenie Blvd., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Dobreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Roses and Aromatic Plants, Agricultural Academy, 49 Osvobozdhenie Blvd., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Peshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1576 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Iliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e15523","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Meningoencephalitis With Abducens Nerve Palsy With Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1877531","article-title":"20 years since the Herpetic Eye Disease Study: Lessons, developments and applications to clinical practice","volume":"104","author":"Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahnazaryan, D., Khalil, R., Wynne, C., Jefferies, C., Gabhann-Dromgoole, J., and Murphy, C. (2020). Herpes simplex virus 1 targets IRF7 via ICP0 to limit type I IFN induction. Sci. 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