{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:58:16Z","timestamp":1792259896990,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among brain regions, the cerebellum (CBL) has traditionally been associated with motor control. However, increasing evidence from connectomics and functional imaging has expanded this view, revealing its involvement in a wide range of cognitive and integrative processes. Despite this emerging relevance, the CBL has received comparatively less attention in aging research, which has focused mainly on other central nervous system (CNS) regions such as the neocortex and hippocampus. This review synthesizes the current evidence on glial cell aging across the CNS, emphasizing how cerebellar circuits follow distinct trajectories in terms of cellular remodeling, transcriptional reprogramming, and structural vulnerability. Recent findings highlight that cerebellar astrocytes and microglia exhibit specific signatures related to aging compared to their cortical counterpart, including moderate reactivity, selective immune response, and spatial reorganization. Cerebellar white matter (WM) undergoes structural alteration, suggesting that oligodendroglial cells may undergo region-specific alterations, particularly within WM tracts, although these aspects remain underexplored. Despite the presence of glial remodeling, the CBL maintains a notable degree of structural and functional integrity during aging. This resilience may be the result of the CBL\u2019s ability to maintain synaptic adaptability and homeostatic balance, supported by its highly organized and compartmentalized architecture. A better understanding of the dynamics of cerebellar glial cells in aging may provide new insight into the mechanisms of brain maintenance and identify potential biomarkers for healthy brain aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T07:45:11Z","timestamp":1754466311000},"page":"7553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Glial Cells and Aging: From the CNS to the Cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1907-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"La Sala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), International Campus \u201cA.Buzzati-Traverso\u201d, Via E. Ramarini, 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy"},{"name":"Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Farini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E336","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00033-3","article-title":"The Time Course of Motor and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults and Their Associations with Brain Pathologies: A Multicohort Study","volume":"5","author":"Oveisgharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24343","article-title":"Interactions of Glial Cells with Neuronal Synapses, from Astrocytes to Microglia and Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.039","article-title":"The Aging Astrocyte Transcriptome from Multiple Regions of the Mouse Brain","volume":"22","author":"Boisvert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800165115","article-title":"Normal Aging Induces A1-like Astrocyte Reactivity","volume":"115","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.011","article-title":"Major Shifts in Glial Regional Identity Are a Transcriptional Hallmark of Human Brain Aging","volume":"18","author":"Soreq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.37.20220220","article-title":"Microglia in Brain Aging: An Overview of Recent Basic Science and Clinical Research Developments","volume":"38","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, S., Park, H., Kim, M., Kang, S., Kim, T., Kim, D., Yamamoto, Y., and Tanaka-Yamamoto, K. (2024). Increased Understanding of Complex Neuronal Circuits in the Cerebellar Cortex. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1487362"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1868-09.2009","article-title":"Distinct Cerebellar Contributions to Intrinsic Connectivity Networks","volume":"29","author":"Habas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.044","article-title":"The CBL and Cognitive Function: 25 Years of Insight from Anatomy and Neuroimaging","volume":"80","author":"Buckner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Duan, L., Ou, Y., Ling, Q., Cao, L., Qian, H., Zhang, J., Wang, J., and Yuan, X. (2023). The CBL and Cognitive Neural Networks. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1197459"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4222","article-title":"Microglial Brain Region-Dependent Diversity and Selective Regional Sensitivities to Aging","volume":"19","author":"Grabert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.027","article-title":"Atlas of the Aging Mouse Brain Reveals White Matter as Vulnerable Foci","volume":"186","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, A.P., Henze, D.E., Lopez, E.R., Haberberger, J., Dong, C., Lu, N., Atkins, M., Costa, E.K., Farinas, A., and Oh, H.S.-H. (2025). Spatial and Molecular Insights into Microglial Roles in Cerebellar Aging. Biorxiv, 2025.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.01.640978"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9913-8_1","article-title":"The Concept of Neuroglia","volume":"1175","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-112723-035356","article-title":"Astrocytes as Key Regulators of Neural Signaling in Health and Disease","volume":"48","author":"Won","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-112723-025806","article-title":"Many. Lives Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell","volume":"48","author":"Buchanan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01931-4","article-title":"Microglia Heterogeneity, Modeling and Cell-State Annotation in Development and Neurodegeneration","volume":"28","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.005","article-title":"Border-Associated Macrophages as Gatekeepers of Brain Homeostasis and Immunity","volume":"58","author":"Movahedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"468","article-title":"Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markey, K.M., Saunders, J.C., Smuts, J., von Reyn, C.R., and Garcia, A.D.R. (2023). Astrocyte Development\u2014More Questions than Answers. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1063843"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050443","article-title":"The Emerging Nature of Astrocyte Diversity","volume":"42","author":"Khakh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-02959-7","article-title":"Astrocyte Diversity: Current Insights and Future Directions","volume":"45","author":"Westergard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-02-00585.1984","article-title":"Fibrous and Protoplasmic Astrocytes Are Biochemically and Developmentally Distinct","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4043","article-title":"Diversity of Astrocyte Functions and Phenotypes in Neural Circuits","volume":"18","author":"Khakh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02926-x","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Astrocytes in Grey and White Matter","volume":"46","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00183.2002","article-title":"Protoplasmic Astrocytes in CA1 Stratum Radiatum Occupy Separate Anatomical Domains","volume":"22","author":"Bushong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01878-6","article-title":"Astrocyte Heterogeneity Reveals Region-Specific Astrogenesis in the White Matter","volume":"28","author":"Bocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.050","article-title":"White Matter Astrocytes in Health and Disease","volume":"276","author":"Lundgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.029","article-title":"Neural Circuit-Specialized Astrocytes: Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Morphological, and Functional Evidence","volume":"95","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14198-8","article-title":"Identification of Region-Specific Astrocyte Subtypes at Single Cell Resolution","volume":"11","author":"Batiuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadc9020","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc9020","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Astrocyte Diversity and Morphology across the CNS in Health and Disease","volume":"378","author":"Endo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.056","article-title":"Cell Biology of Astrocyte-Synapse Interactions","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20220136","article-title":"Astrocyte Heterogeneity and Interactions with Local Neural Circuits","volume":"67","author":"Holt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15132","article-title":"Neurons and Neuronal Activity Control Gene Expression in Astrocytes to Regulate Their Development and Metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Hasel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617782114","article-title":"Astrocytes Locally Translate Transcripts in Their Peripheral Processes","volume":"114","author":"Sakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108076","article-title":"Local Translation in Perisynaptic Astrocytic Processes Is Specific and Changes after Fear Conditioning","volume":"32","author":"Oudart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-07011-6","article-title":"Spatial Transcriptomics Reveal Neuron-Astrocyte Synergy in Long-Term Memory","volume":"627","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1383-5","article-title":"Human Astrocytes: Structure and Functions in the Healthy Brain","volume":"222","author":"Vasile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.149","article-title":"Sweet Sixteen for ANLS","volume":"32","author":"Pellerin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beard, E., Lengacher, S., Dias, S., Magistretti, P.J., and Finsterwald, C. (2022). Astrocytes as Key Regulators of Brain Energy Metabolism: New Therapeutic Perspectives. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.825816"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Are Induced by Activated Microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive Astrocyte Nomenclature, Definitions, and Future Directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06935-3","article-title":"A Molecular Switch for Neuroprotective Astrocyte Reactivity","volume":"626","author":"Cameron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.01.002","article-title":"Molecular Control of Oligodendrocyte Development","volume":"42","author":"Elbaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.02.004","article-title":"Life-Long Oligodendrocyte Development and Plasticity","volume":"116","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, R.A., Nishiyama, A., and Hughes, E.G. (2024). Features, Fates, and Functions of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041425"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00840-2","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiles of Mouse Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells across the Lifespan","volume":"5","author":"Heo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01613-7","article-title":"Long-Term in Vivo Three-Photon Imaging Reveals Region-Specific Differences in Healthy and Regenerative Oligodendrogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Thornton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherafat, A., Pfeiffer, F., and Nishiyama, A. (2021). Shaping of Regional Differences in Oligodendrocyte Dynamics by Regional Heterogeneity of the Pericellular Microenvironment. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.721376"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilscher, M.M., Langseth, C.M., Kukanja, P., Yokota, C., Nilsson, M., and Castelo-Branco, G. (2022). Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in the Lineage Progression of Fine Oligodendrocyte Subtypes. BMC Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01325-z"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24291","article-title":"Glial Progenitor Cells of the Adult Human White and Grey Matter Are Contextually Distinct","volume":"71","author":"Osorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.006","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Dynamics in the Healthy Adult CNS: Evidence for Myelin Remodeling","volume":"77","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254960","article-title":"Motor Skill Learning Requires Active Central Myelination","volume":"346","author":"McKenzie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.02.003","article-title":"Building a (w)Rapport between Neurons and Oligodendroglia: Reciprocal Interactions Underlying Adaptive Myelination","volume":"109","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00907-4","article-title":"Microglia Regulation of Central Nervous System Myelin Health and Regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Kent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2480","article-title":"Remyelination in the CNS: From Biology to Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23721","article-title":"NG2 Glia Are Required for Maintaining Microglia Homeostatic State","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02837-5","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells: The Multitaskers in the Brain","volume":"475","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2202580119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202580119","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Ingest Axons in the Mouse Neocortex","volume":"119","author":"Buchanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeiffer, F. (2022). Reciprocal Interactions between Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121954"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wang, Q., Yang, Q., Gu, H., Yin, Y., Li, Y., Hou, J., Chen, R., Sun, Q., and Sun, Y. (2019). NG2 Glia Regulate Brain Innate Immunity via TGF-\u03922\/TGFBR2 Axis. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1439-x"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.07.005","article-title":"Transcriptional Convergence of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Progenitors during Development","volume":"46","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134645","article-title":"Myelin Plasticity in Adulthood and Aging","volume":"715","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba6905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6905","article-title":"Myelin: A Gatekeeper of Activity-Dependent Circuit Plasticity?","volume":"374","author":"Bonetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11314","article-title":"Oligodendroglia Metabolically Support Axons and Contribute to Neurodegeneration","volume":"487","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.05.016","article-title":"Oligodendroglial NMDA Receptors Regulate Glucose Import and Axonal Energy Metabolism","volume":"91","author":"Saab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34829","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34829","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes Control Potassium Accumulation in White Matter and Seizure Susceptibility","volume":"7","author":"Larson","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargo, N., Goudriaan, A., van Deijk, A.-L.F., Otte, W.M., Brouwers, J.F., Lodder, H., Gutmann, D.H., Nave, K.-A., Dijkhuizen, R.M., and Mansvelder, H.D. (2017). Oligodendroglial Myelination Requires Astrocyte-Derived Lipids. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002605"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39046-8","article-title":"Astrocyte-Oligodendrocyte Interaction Regulates Central Nervous System Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Holloway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2316-7","article-title":"Deciphering Human Macrophage Development at Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"582","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45030171","article-title":"Origin and Emergence of Microglia in the CNS\u2014An Interesting (Hi)Story of an Eccentric Cell","volume":"45","author":"Dermitzakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01053-6","article-title":"Brain Macrophage Development, Diversity and Dysregulation in Health and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Silvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4547","article-title":"A New Fate Mapping System Reveals Context-Dependent Random or Clonal Expansion of Microglia","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.004","article-title":"The Lifespan and Turnover of Microglia in the Human Brain","volume":"20","author":"Khosravi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.09.004","article-title":"Cien A\u00f1os de Microgl\u00eda: Milestones in a Century of Microglial Research","volume":"42","author":"Sierra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.050","article-title":"Microglial Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix Promotes Synapse Plasticity","volume":"182","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal3222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3222","article-title":"An Environment-Dependent Transcriptional Network Specifies Human Microglia Identity","volume":"356","author":"Gosselin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0532-y","article-title":"Mapping Microglia States in the Human Brain through the Integration of High-Dimensional Techniques","volume":"22","author":"Sankowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Microglia throughout the Mouse Lifespan and in the Injured Brain Reveals Complex Cell-State Changes","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0290-2","article-title":"Human Microglia Regional Heterogeneity and Phenotypes Determined by Multiplexed Single-Cell Mass Cytometry","volume":"22","author":"Schlickeiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.010","article-title":"Molecular and Spatial Signatures of Mouse Brain Aging at Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"186","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56124-1","article-title":"The Human Microglia Atlas (HuMicA) Unravels Changes in Disease-Associated Microglia Subsets across Neurodegenerative Conditions","volume":"16","author":"Leal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","article-title":"Microglia States and Nomenclature: A Field at Its Crossroads","volume":"110","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114348","article-title":"Decoding State-Dependent Cortical-Cerebellar Cellular Functional Connectivity in the Mouse Brain","volume":"43","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2698","article-title":"Cerebellar Cortical Organization: A One-Map Hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Apps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.08.001","article-title":"Origin, Lineage and Function of Cerebellar Glia","volume":"109","author":"Buffo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03220-z","article-title":"A Transcriptomic Atlas of Mouse Cerebellar Cortex Comprehensively Defines Cell Types","volume":"598","author":"Kozareva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"509","article-title":"Distribution of Bergmann Glial Somata and Processes: Implications for Function","volume":"36","author":"Reichenbach","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hirnforsch."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3103","article-title":"Neurons Diversify Astrocytes in the Adult Brain through Sonic Hedgehog Signaling","volume":"351","author":"Farmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.025","article-title":"The CBL in Health and Disease","volume":"688","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8405-y","article-title":"Bergmann Glia Function in Granule Cell Migration During CBL Development","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Zeeuw, C.I., and Hoogland, T.M. (2015). Reappraisal of Bergmann Glial Cells as Modulators of Cerebellar Circuit Function. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00246"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20712","article-title":"Morphogenesis and Regulation of Bergmann Glial Processes during Purkinje Cell Dendritic Spine Ensheathment and Synaptogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Lippman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-7722.2002.00021.x","article-title":"Cytodifferentiation of Bergmann Glia and Its Relationship with Purkinje Cells","volume":"77","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)60530-9","article-title":"Physiology of Bergmann Gllal Cells","volume":"Volume 38","author":"Bradley","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63360-9","article-title":"Chapter 6 Molecular Organization of Cerebellar Glutamate Synapses","volume":"Volume 114","author":"Strata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-009-0139-z","article-title":"Recent Developments in the Understanding of Astrocyte Function in the CBL In Vivo","volume":"9","author":"Hoogland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01198-7","article-title":"Ultrastructural Characterization of Peri-Synaptic Astrocytic Processes around Cerebellar Purkinje Spines under Resting and Stimulated Conditions","volume":"18","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1219","article-title":"Slide-Seq: A Scalable Technology for Measuring Genome-Wide Expression at High Spatial Resolution","volume":"363","author":"Rodriques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0571-6","article-title":"Bergmann Glia Are Patterned into Topographic Molecular Zones in the Developing and Adult Mouse CBL","volume":"17","author":"Reeber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220600724569","article-title":"Interactions between Purkinje Neurones and Bergmann Glia","volume":"5","author":"Bellamy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1492","article-title":"DNER Acts as a Neuron-Specific Notch Ligand during Bergmann Glial Development","volume":"8","author":"Eiraku","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00538787","article-title":"High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Rapid Golgi Preparations. Neurons and Their Processes in the Cerebellar Cortex of Monkey and Rat","volume":"137","author":"Palay","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgeschichte"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.02.008","article-title":"Origins and Control of the Differentiation of Inhibitory Interneurons and Glia in the CBL","volume":"328","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2016.02.004","article-title":"Origins of Oligodendrocytes in the CBL, Whose Development Is Controlled by the Transcription Factor, Sox9","volume":"140","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43568-6","article-title":"Single-Cell Epigenomics and Spatiotemporal Transcriptomics Reveal Human Cerebellar Development","volume":"14","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24660","article-title":"Axonal Selectivity of Myelination by Single Oligodendrocytes Established During Development in Mouse Cerebellar White Matter","volume":"73","author":"Battulga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barron, T., Saifetiarova, J., Bhat, M.A., and Kim, J.H. (2018). Myelination of Purkinje Axons Is Critical for Resilient Synaptic Transmission in the Deep Cerebellar Nucleus. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19314-0"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12450","article-title":"Synaptic Pathology in the Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus in Chronic Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Albert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04053.x","article-title":"Speed Limits in the CBL: Constraints from Myelinated and Unmyelinated Parallel Fibers","volume":"21","author":"Wyatt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.04.025","article-title":"Climbing Fiber Innervation of NG2-Expressing Glia in the Mammalian CBL","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0120-6","article-title":"Lifelong Cortical Myelin Plasticity and Age-Related Degeneration in the Live Mammalian Brain","volume":"21","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0228-8","article-title":"Coordinated Cerebellar Climbing Fiber Activity Signals Learned Sensorimotor Predictions","volume":"21","author":"Heffley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01594-7","article-title":"Climbing Fibers Provide Essential Instructive Signals for Associative Learning","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00922.2002","article-title":"Role of Myelination in the Development of a Uniform Olivocerebellar Conduction Time","volume":"89","author":"Lang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11007","article-title":"Glycolytic Oligodendrocytes Maintain Myelin and Long-Term Axonal Integrity","volume":"485","author":"Funfschilling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01558-3","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte\u2013Axon Metabolic Coupling Is Mediated by Extracellular K+ and Maintains Axonal Health","volume":"27","author":"Looser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donofrio, S.G., Brandenburg, C., Brown, A.M., Lin, T., Lu, H.-C., and Sillitoe, R.V. (2025). Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Stripe Patterns Reveal a Differential Vulnerability and Resistance to Cell Loss during Normal Aging in Mice. Biorxiv, 2025.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.106273.1"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Mouse and Human Microglia at Single-Cell Resolution","volume":"566","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125","article-title":"Microglia and Macrophages in Brain Homeostasis and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.04.001","article-title":"Little Cells of the Little Brain: Microglia in Cerebellar Development and Function","volume":"44","author":"Stoessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00069-8","article-title":"Microglia Promote the Death of Developing Purkinje Cells","volume":"41","author":"Dusart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05100-z","article-title":"Microglia Permit Climbing Fiber Elimination by Promoting GABAergic Inhibition in the Developing CBL","volume":"9","author":"Nakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0192-3","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Brain Region-Specific Microglia Clearance Activity","volume":"21","author":"Ayata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22572","article-title":"Cerebellar Microglia Are Dynamically Unique and Survey Purkinje Neurons in Vivo","volume":"78","author":"Stowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903610405","article-title":"Morphology and Distribution of Microglial Cells in the Young and Adult Mouse CBL","volume":"361","author":"Vela","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.078","article-title":"Microglia-Triggered Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability Modulates Psychomotor Behaviors in Acute Cerebellar Inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, H.G., Jang, S.-S., Kim, S.H., Hwang, E.M., Min, J.O., Kim, H.Y., Kim, Y.S., Ryu, C., Chung, G., and Kim, Y. (2018). TNF-\u03b1 Increases the Intrinsic Excitability of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells through Elevating Glutamate Release in Bergmann Glia. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29786-9"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111575","article-title":"Brain Aging Mechanisms with Mechanical Manifestations","volume":"200","author":"Blinkouskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1886","article-title":"Aging and Neuronal Vulnerability","volume":"7","author":"Mattson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2087","article-title":"Aging of Cerebral White Matter: A Review of MRI Findings","volume":"24","author":"Brickman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13629","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13629","article-title":"Ageing and Brain White Matter Structure in 3513 UK Biobank Participants","volume":"7","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.026","article-title":"Disconnected Aging: Cerebral White Matter Integrity and Age-Related Differences in Cognition","volume":"276","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.002","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Aging","volume":"30","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025731309829","article-title":"The Effects of Normal Aging on Myelin and Nerve Fibers: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simons, M., and Nave, K.-A. (2016). Oligodendrocytes: Myelination and Axonal Support. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020479"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.156","article-title":"Intermittent Metabolic Switching, Neuroplasticity and Brain Health","volume":"19","author":"Mattson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2021.102358","article-title":"The Aging Mouse Brain: Cognition, Connectivity and Calcium","volume":"94","author":"Radulescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of Aging: An Expanding Universe","volume":"186","author":"Blasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.01.028","article-title":"The Mitochondrial Basis of Aging","volume":"61","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misrani, A., Tabassum, S., and Yang, L. (2021). Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.617588"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.09.015","article-title":"Autophagy, Aging, and Age-Related Neurodegeneration","volume":"113","author":"Palmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azam, S., Haque, M.E., Balakrishnan, R., Kim, I.-S., and Choi, D.-K. (2021). The Ageing Brain: Molecular and Cellular Basis of Neurodegeneration. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.683459"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra-Gomes, S., Viana, J.F., Nascimento, D.S.M., Correia, J.S., Sardinha, V.M., Caetano, I., Sousa, N., Pinto, L., and Oliveira, J.F. (2018). The Role of Astrocytic Calcium Signaling in the Aged Prefrontal Cortex. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00379"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01511-z","article-title":"The Blood-Brain Barrier in Aging and Neurodegeneration","volume":"27","author":"Knox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back","volume":"99","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013","article-title":"Neocortical Glial Cell Numbers in Human Brains","volume":"29","author":"Pelvig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.009","article-title":"Effect of Age on Neocortical Brain Cells in 90+ Year Old Human Females\u2014A Cell Counting Study","volume":"34","author":"Fabricius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00810-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of Astrocyte Aging in Reactivity and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Gildea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.002","article-title":"Complex and Region-Specific Changes in Astroglial Markers in the Aging Brain","volume":"35","author":"Yeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13334","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13334","article-title":"Astrocyte Dystrophy in Ageing Brain Parallels Impaired Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"20","author":"Popov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, A.L., and Ousman, S.S. (2018). Astrocytes and Aging. Front. Aging Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00337"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13982","article-title":"Brain Energy Metabolism: Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, A.P.B., Vargas, G., Hayashide, L.d.S., Matias, I., Andrade, C.B.V., de Carvalho, J.J., Gomes, F.C.A., and Diniz, L.P. (2024). Aging Promotes an Increase in Mitochondrial Fragmentation in Astrocytes. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1496163"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01955-w","article-title":"Microglia Activation Orchestrates CXCL10-Mediated CD8+ T Cell Recruitment to Promote Aging-Related White Matter Degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Groh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0588-8","article-title":"Myelin Degeneration and Diminished Myelin Renewal Contribute to Age-Related Deficits in Memory","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, A., Fernandes, H.M., Magalh\u00e3es, R., Moreira, P.S., Marques, P., Soares, J.M., Amorim, L., Portugal-Nunes, C., Castanho, T., and Santos, N.C. (2021). Signatures of White-Matter Microstructure Degradation during Aging and Its Association with Cognitive Status. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83983-7"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Huang, N., Xiao, L., Wang, F., and Li, T. (2021). Replenishing the Aged Brains: Targeting Oligodendrocytes and Myelination?. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.760200"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NS20210008","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20210008","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes in the Aging Brain","volume":"5","author":"Sams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuronal Signal"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.12.020","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Become Regionally Diverse and Heterogeneous with Age","volume":"101","author":"Spitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X09990354","article-title":"Cell Cycle Dynamics of NG2 Cells in the Postnatal and Ageing Brain","volume":"5","author":"Psachoulia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00041-7","article-title":"Age-Dependent Decline in Remyelination Capacity Is Mediated by Apelin-APJ Signaling","volume":"1","author":"Ito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13335","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13335","article-title":"Functional Genomic Analyses Highlight a Shift in Gpr17-Regulated Cellular Processes in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Underlying Myelin Dysregulation in the Aged Mouse Cerebrum","volume":"20","author":"Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.050","article-title":"Remarkable Stability of Myelinating Oligodendrocytes in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Tripathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duffy, M.F., Ding, J., Langston, R.G., Shah, S.I., Nalls, M.A., Scholz, S.W., Whitaker, D.T., Auluck, P.K., Marenco, S., and Gibbs, J.R. (2023). Divergent Patterns of Healthy Aging across Human Brain Regions at Single-Cell Resolution Reveal Links to Neurodegenerative Disease. Biorxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.31.551097"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199804)22:4<371::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Peroxide-Scavenging Deficit Underlies Oligodendrocyte Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress","volume":"22","author":"Juurlink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67031014.x","article-title":"Low Glutathione and High Iron Govern the Susceptibility of Oligodendroglial Precursors to Oxidative Stress","volume":"67","author":"Thorburne","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101955","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging","volume":"88","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.05.006","article-title":"DNA Damage in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage and Its Role in Brain Aging","volume":"161","author":"Tse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03802-0","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Impaired Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation in Neurological Disorders","volume":"78","author":"Spaas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, E., Bielak-Zmijewska, A., Dudkowska, M., Krzystyniak, A., Mosieniak, G., Wesierska, M., and Wlodarczyk, J. (2021). Cellular Senescence in Brain Aging. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.646924"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00176-y","article-title":"Aging and Senescent Fates of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Mouse Brain","volume":"10","author":"Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Aging"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiane, A., Schepers, M., Rombaut, B., Hupperts, R., Prickaerts, J., Hellings, N., van den Hove, D., and Vanmierlo, T. (2019). From OPC to Oligodendrocyte: An Epigenetic Journey. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101236"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01450-3","article-title":"Human Brain Aging Is Associated with Dysregulation of Cell Type Epigenetic Identity","volume":"47","author":"Jeong","year":"2025","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-2001-y","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in the Global DNA Methylation Profile of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Derived from Rat Spinal Cords","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2172","article-title":"Age-Dependent Epigenetic Control of Differentiation Inhibitors Is Critical for Remyelination Efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1484-9","article-title":"Niche Stiffness Underlies the Ageing of Central Nervous System Progenitor Cells","volume":"573","author":"Segel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.008","article-title":"Erasure of Striatal Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan\u2013Associated Extracellular Matrix Rescues Aging-Dependent Decline of Motor Learning","volume":"71","author":"Richard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nutma, E., van Gent, D., Amor, S., and Peferoen, L.A.N. (2020). Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Cross-Talk in the Central Nervous System. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030600"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01183-6","article-title":"CD8+ T Cells Induce Interferon-Responsive Oligodendrocytes and Microglia in White Matter Aging","volume":"25","author":"Kaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, L., Mustafa, S., and Collins-Praino, L.E. (2025). The Hallmarks of Ageing in Microglia. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 45.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01564-y"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02926-5","article-title":"A Transcriptomic Atlas of Aged Human Microglia","volume":"9","author":"Olah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01774-9","article-title":"Transcriptomic Profiling of Microglia and Astrocytes throughout Aging","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00976-y","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of the Human Microglial Transcriptome across Brain Regions, Aging and Disease Pathologies","volume":"54","author":"Snijders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00479-x","article-title":"Transcriptional and Epigenetic Decoding of the Microglial Aging Process","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.01.027","article-title":"White Matter Aging Drives Microglial Diversity","volume":"109","author":"Safaiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10319","article-title":"Dystrophic Microglia in the Aging Human Brain","volume":"45","author":"Streit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.003","article-title":"Dystrophic Microglia Are Associated with Neurodegenerative Disease and Not Healthy Aging in the Human Brain","volume":"99","author":"Shahidehpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch, M.A. (2022). Exploring Sex-Related Differences in Microglia May Be a Game-Changer in Precision Medicine. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.868448"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279521","article-title":"The Role of Intracellular Calcium-Store-Mediated Calcium Signals in in Vivo Sensor and Effector Functions of Microglia","volume":"601","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01978-3","article-title":"A Dynamic and Multimodal Framework to Define Microglial States","volume":"28","author":"Sankowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.042","article-title":"Disrupted Cortico-Cerebellar Connectivity in Older Adults","volume":"83","author":"Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01015-7","article-title":"Neural Scaffolding as the Foundation for Stable Performance of Aging","volume":"18","author":"Filip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"2345","article-title":"CBL and Aging: Update and Challenges","volume":"15","author":"McElroy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10884","article-title":"Aging of the Human CBL: A Stereological Study","volume":"466","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Teng, Y., Liu, T., Tang, Y., Liang, W., Wang, W., Li, Z., Xia, Q., Xu, F., and Liu, S. (2024). Morphological Changes in the CBL during Aging: Evidence from Convolutional Neural Networks and Shape Analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1359320"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.04.002","article-title":"Differential Brain Shrinkage Over Six Months Shows Limited Association with Cognitive Practice","volume":"82","author":"Raz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117062","article-title":"Longitudinal Analysis of Regional CBL Volumes during Normal Aging","volume":"220","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhaf006","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf006","article-title":"Exploring the Neural Mechanisms Linking Healthy Aging and Cognitive Maintenance: Insights from Mendelian Randomization and Mediation Analyses","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hicks, T.H., Magalh\u00e3es, T.N.C., Jackson, T.B., Ballard, H.K., Herrejon, I.A., and Bernard, J.A. (2024). Functional and Structural Cerebellar-Behavior Relationships in Aging. Biorxiv, 230.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02862-9"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, K.J., and Carlson, E.S. (2020). Resistance, Vulnerability and Resilience: A Review of the Cognitive CBL in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.01.004"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitoma, H., Kakei, S., Yamaguchi, K., and Manto, M. (2021). Physiology of Cerebellar Reserve: Redundancy and Plasticity of a Modular Machine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094777"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5255","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25191","article-title":"Shaky Scaffolding: Age Differences in Cerebellar Activation Revealed through Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Bernard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard, J.A. (2022). Don\u2019t Forget the Little Brain: A Framework for Incorporating the CBL into the Understanding of Cognitive Aging. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104639"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghel, B., Kumari, B., Bhattacharjee, A., Sharma, S., and Roy, P.K. (2025). High Resilience of Human CBL in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Reciprocal Coupling of Cellular Anabolic and Catabolic Fluxes Enable Intensive Neuroprotection. 3 Biotech, 15.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-025-04264-y"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-010-1016-2","article-title":"Aging of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914207107","article-title":"Differential Effects and Rates of Normal Aging in CBL and Hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"Foy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"205","article-title":"Morphologic Changes in Cerebellar Mitochondria during Aging","volume":"18","author":"Fattoretti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1297.006","article-title":"Decay of Mitochondrial Metabolic Competence in the Aging CBL","volume":"1019","author":"Fattoretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20737","article-title":"Effect of Two Medium Chain Triglycerides-Supplemented Diets on Synaptic Morphology in the Cerebellar Cortex of Late-Adult Rats","volume":"72","author":"Balietti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.175","article-title":"Spontaneous Calcium Waves in Bergman Glia Increase with Age and Hypoxia and May Reduce Tissue Oxygen","volume":"33","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120380109","article-title":"Bergmann Glia Modulate Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Bistability via Ca2+-Dependent K+ Uptake","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04404-1","article-title":"Autophagy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, a Dysregulated Pathway, and a Target for Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Marcelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050989","article-title":"Spinocerebellar Ataxia 2 (SCA2): Morphometric Analyses in 11 Autopsies","volume":"97","author":"Estrada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1662","article-title":"Cerebellar Lesions in Multiple System Atrophy: Postmortem MR Imaging-Pathologic Correlations","volume":"30","author":"Matsusue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9330-5","article-title":"Glial Molecular Alterations with Mouse Brain Development and Aging: Up-Regulation of the Kir4.1 and Aquaporin-4","volume":"35","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa-Wagner, A., Sandu, R.E., Cristin, C., Uzoni, A., Welle, K.A., Hryhorenko, J.R., and Ghaemmaghami, S. (2018). Increased Degradation Rates in the Components of the Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Chain in the CBL of Old Mice. Front. Aging Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00032"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.12.010","article-title":"Astrocytes in Aging","volume":"113","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(99)00008-1","article-title":"Age-Related Changes of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactive Astrocytes in the Rat Cerebellar Cortex","volume":"108","author":"Sabbatini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"262","article-title":"The Inpact of Glial Activation in the Aging Brain","volume":"32","author":"Lynch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helleringer, R., Chever, O., Daniel, H., and Galante, M. (2017). Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Induces Bergmann Glia Membrane Depolarization and Ca2+ Rises Mainly Mediated by K+ and ATP Increases in the Extracellular Space. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00349"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanclares, C., Noriega-Prieto, J.A., Labrada-Moncada, F.E., Cvetanovic, M., Araque, A., and Kofuji, P. (2023). Altered Calcium Signaling in Bergmann Glia Contributes to Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type-1 in a Mouse Model of SCA1. Neurobiol. Dis., 187.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106318"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-02961-z","article-title":"Glial Factors Regulating White Matter Development and Pathologies of the CBL","volume":"45","author":"Revuelta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerrato, V. (2020). Cerebellar Astrocytes: Much More Than Passive Bystanders In Ataxia Pathophysiology. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030757"},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"927","article-title":"In Vivo Stereological Assessment of Human Cerebellar Volume: Effects of Gender and Age","volume":"12","author":"Escalona","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00217-2","article-title":"Effects of Age on Tissues and Regions of the Cerebrum and CBL","volume":"22","author":"Jernigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.020","article-title":"Effects of Age on Volumes of Cortex, White Matter and Subcortical Structures","volume":"26","author":"Walhovd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoogendam, Y.Y., van der Lijn, F., Vernooij, M.W., Hofman, A., Niessen, W.J., van der Lugt, A., Ikram, M.A., and van der Geest, J.N. (2014). Older Age Relates to Worsening of Fine Motor Skills: A Population-Based Study of Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons. Front. Aging Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00259"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24320","article-title":"Early Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Brain Volume, Cognition, and Gait","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00737-9","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxias: Clinical Features, Genetics, and Pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampe, C.S., and Mitoma, H. (2022). A Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in the CBL. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12030328"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.11.006","article-title":"Age Related Changes in Microglial Phenotype Vary between CNS Regions: Grey versus White Matter Differences","volume":"26","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.08.008","article-title":"Genetic Variants of Phospholipase C-\u03932 Alter the Phenotype and Function of Microglia and Confer Differential Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"56","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07185-7","article-title":"APOE4\/4 Is Linked to Damaging Lipid Droplets in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Microglia","volume":"628","author":"Haney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e638","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.638","article-title":"CBL in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Emerging Research Frontier","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90606","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"127","author":"Sarlus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.03.010","article-title":"Efficient Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Microglia by Defined Transcription Factors","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01764-7","article-title":"A Cross-Disease Resource of Living Human Microglia Identifies Disease-Enriched Subsets and Tool Compounds Recapitulating Microglial States","volume":"27","author":"Tuddenham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh-Bains, M.K., Linke, V., Austria, M.D.R., Tan, A.Y.S., Scotter, E.L., Mehrabi, N.F., Faull, R.L.M., and Dragunow, M. (2019). Altered Microglia and Neurovasculature in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease CBL. Neurobiol. Dis., 132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104589"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12517","article-title":"Distinct Microglia Profile in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Is Independent of Disease Kinetics","volume":"38","author":"Krbot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1369-5","article-title":"Changes in the expression of genes related to neuroinflammation over the course of sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression: CX3CL1, TREM2, and PPAR\u03b3","volume":"122","author":"Strobel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7553\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:23:25Z","timestamp":1760034205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/15\/7553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":242,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26157553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26157553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]}}}