{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:29:12Z","timestamp":1783798152557,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory at Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is a zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range and diverse clinical manifestations. We report here the first documented case of MAH-induced fatal vasculitis in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Histopathological examination revealed acid-fast bacilli within macrophages and endothelial cells, primarily affecting the heart and aorta. Mycobacterial DNA was detected in cloacal swabs from affected finches and environmental samples from their housing facility. PCR targeting the rpoB gene and insertion elements IS1245 and IS901, followed by sequencing, confirmed MAH infection. MAH DNA was identified in 4 of 13 finch cloacal swabs and 7 of 28 environmental samples. This study describes a novel, highly pathogenic manifestation of MAH in birds and underscores the potential for avian involvement in environmental and zoonotic transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T07:45:11Z","timestamp":1754466311000},"page":"7555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Hominissuis-Induced Fatal Vasculitis in Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata), USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Chenoweth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Laster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subarna","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7874-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, M.V., Kanipe, C., Lehman, K.A., Thacker, T.C., Putz, E.J., and Boggiatto, P.M. (2023). Vaccination of White-Tailed Deer with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG): Effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Infection. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102488"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-06","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium in the postgenomic era","volume":"20","author":"Turenne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.03.013","article-title":"Outbreak of reproductive disorders and mycobacteriosis in swine associated with a single strain of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis","volume":"159","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.304-307.1995","article-title":"A novel insertion element from Mycobacterium avium, IS1245, is a specific target for analysis of strain relatedness","volume":"33","author":"Guerrero","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.9.2366-2372.1992","article-title":"Biologically distinct subtypes of Mycobacterium avium differ in possession of insertion sequence IS901","volume":"30","author":"Kunze","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.20.1.1273","article-title":"Mycobacteriosis in birds","volume":"20","author":"Tell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. 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