{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T21:03:16Z","timestamp":1771362196908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"SAPIENZA University of Rome, Ateneo project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR1221816B71BC9A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR1221816B71BC9A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"SAPIENZA University of Rome, Ateneo project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP123188F7992BFA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP123188F7992BFA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"SAPIENZA University of Rome, Ateneo project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1241905E865F20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1241905E865F20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor marked by invasive growth and therapy resistance. Tumor cells adapt to hostile conditions, such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, by activating survival mechanisms including autophagy and metabolic reprogramming. Among GBM-associated changes, hypersialylation, particularly, the aberrant expression of polysialic acid (PSA), has been linked to increased plasticity, motility, and immune evasion. PSA, a long \u03b12,8-linked sialic acid polymer typically attached to the NCAM, is abundant in the embryonic brain and re-expressed in cancers, correlating with poor prognosis. Here, we investigated how PSA expression was regulated in GBM cells under nutrient-limiting conditions. Serum starvation induced a marked increase in PSA-NCAM, driven by upregulation of the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaIV and an autophagy-dependent recycling of sialic acids from degraded glycoproteins. Inhibition of autophagy or sialidases impaired PSA induction, and PSA regulation appeared dependent on p53 function. Immunohistochemical analysis of GBM tissues revealed co-localization of PSA and LC3, particularly around necrotic regions. In conclusion, we identified a novel mechanism by which GBM cells sustain PSA-NCAM expression via autophagy-mediated sialic acid recycling under nutrient stress. This pathway may enhance cell migration, immune escape, and stem-like properties, offering a potential therapeutic target in GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T15:09:53Z","timestamp":1754492993000},"page":"7625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Polysialylation of Glioblastoma Cells Is Regulated by Autophagy Under Nutrient Deprivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Scibetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell\u2019Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3862-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Iuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Iaiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Palazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DermoLab, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7619-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Quadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DermoLab, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Boltje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2910-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology & Medical Embryology, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Via A. Scarpa, 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9837-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Petrozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"},{"name":"ICOT, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via F. Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Di Bartolomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lapone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Di Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell\u2019Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Calogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"},{"name":"ICOT, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via F. Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Mangino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Maglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell\u2019Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8468-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cSapienza\u201d, Polo Pontino, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy"},{"name":"ICOT, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Via F. Faggiana 1668, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochans, S., Cybulska, A.M., Simi\u0144ska, D., Korbecki, J., Kojder, K., Chlubek, D., and Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2022). Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme\u2013Literature Review. 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