{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1778254415135,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience","award":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dura mater plays a critical role in neurofluid homeostasis, yet comparative data on capillary network density and organization between cranial and spinal regions remain limited. This study addresses this gap by systematically analyzing capillary architecture and aquaporin (AQP) expression in porcine cranial (parietal, falx) and spinal dura mater. Immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy were used to assess capillary density, spatial distribution, and AQP1\/AQP4 expression patterns across over 1000 capillaries in these regions. Cranial dura exhibited a 3\u20134 times higher capillary density compared to spinal dura, with capillaries predominantly localized to meningeal\u2013dural border cell interfaces in cranial regions and a more dispersed distribution in spinal dura. Both AQP1 and AQP4 were detected as discrete clusters within capillary walls, with higher expression in cranial compared to spinal dura. Lymphatic vessels (PDPN-positive) were also observed adjacent to capillaries, supporting a dual-system model for fluid and waste exchange. These findings highlight the dura\u2019s region-specific vascular specialization, with cranial regions favoring dense, structured capillary networks suited for active fluid exchange. This work establishes a foundation for investigating capillary-driven fluid dynamics in pathological states like subdural hematomas or hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1754647002000},"page":"7653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aquaporins in the Capillaries of the Dura Mater of Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Slavica","family":"Martinovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinko","family":"Smilovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Pirki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Dmitrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonarda","family":"Grandverger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marijan","family":"Klarica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ghannam, J.Y., and Al Kharazi, K.A. 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