{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:37:11Z","timestamp":1760060231409,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Pecs Medical School Research Grant","award":["AOK-KA-2013\/21","KA-2019\/48","KA-2021\/38","KA-2024\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOK-KA-2013\/21","KA-2019\/48","KA-2021\/38","KA-2024\/09"]}]},{"name":"MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, University of Pecs","award":["AOK-KA-2013\/21","KA-2019\/48","KA-2021\/38","KA-2024\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOK-KA-2013\/21","KA-2019\/48","KA-2021\/38","KA-2024\/09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infertility rates are indeed increasing globally, which emphasizes a pressing need to identify novel biomarkers exhibiting superior potential for laboratory diagnosis and personalized clinical management. This study aimed to explore the biological role of Galectin-9 (Gal-9) in female fertility and evaluate its diagnostic potential in the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) program. A prospective cohort study was performed on 83 follicular fluids (FF) and 19 serum-FF pairs from IVF patients, 16 serum samples from fertile women, and 12 tissue sections. Gal-9 expression was characterized by immunostaining and ELISA. The ROC analysis was employed to evaluate the overall diagnostic performance. Cell-specific ovarian Gal-9 expression and significant differences in soluble Gal-9 levels were identified in the serum and FF of fertile and infertile women. Elevated intrafollicular Gal-9 levels were linked to poor ovarian reserve, served as a predictive marker for ovarian hyperstimulation, and marked unfavorable IVF outcomes. Follicular Gal-9 levels positively correlated with peak estradiol and total daily FSH dosage. ROC analysis revealed an excellent diagnostic value of Gal-9 for predicting fertilization success and a moderate ability to predict IVF outcomes. Our findings suggest a potential role for Gal-9 in oogenesis and its promise as a diagnostic marker for predicting fertilization success in IVF. However, further studies are needed to confirm its clinical utility in assisted reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T11:41:53Z","timestamp":1754653313000},"page":"7672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Sweet Side of IVF: Biological Role and Diagnostic Potential of Galectin-9 in Female Infertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8687-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Polgar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9913-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matyas","family":"Meggyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Godony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, Human Academy of Sciences, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akos","family":"Varnagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, Human Academy of Sciences, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalman","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, Human Academy of Sciences, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mauchart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, Human Academy of Sciences, 17 \u00c9desany\u00e1k Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Matrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Semjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamas","family":"Tornoczki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Szereday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, J.E., Weber, S., Jakob, R., and Chute, C.G. 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