{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:15:22Z","timestamp":1785158122256,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteosarcopenia, characterized by concurrent bone loss and muscle wasting, significantly impacts mobility and quality of life. While age-related primary osteosarcopenia is well-studied, secondary osteosarcopenia (SOS) caused by chronic diseases remains poorly understood, particularly in young individuals. The present study aimed to comprehensively characterize musculoskeletal alterations associated with SOS using a juvenile porcine model of cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. Femoral bone analysis included densitometry, mechanical testing, histomorphometry, and serum bone turnover markers. The quadriceps femoris muscle was evaluated through histological analysis and gene expression profiling of antioxidant enzymes and apoptotic regulators. Animals with SOS showed significantly reduced femoral BMD compared to controls, with altered cortical geometry and compromised mechanical properties. Trabecular bone analysis revealed classic osteoporotic changes with decreased bone volume fraction. Negative changes were also observed in the growth plate morphology, indicating impaired endochondral ossification. Bone turnover markers indicated elevated bone resorption and altered formation. Muscle analysis demonstrated sarcopenic changes with selective atrophy of fast-twitch type II fibers and increased fiber density. At the molecular level, SOS muscles exhibited downregulated expression of CAT and CASP3, suggesting muscle atrophy predominantly mediated by oxidative stress and caspase-independent proteolysis rather than classical apoptosis. In conclusion, chronic pancreatitis in young pigs induces coupled bone and muscle degeneration consistent with secondary osteosarcopenia, demonstrating that muscle\u2013bone crosstalk dysfunction occurs early in chronic inflammatory disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:30:52Z","timestamp":1754667052000},"page":"7690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coupled Bone\u2013Muscle Degeneration in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Juvenile Porcine Model of Secondary Osteosarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4118-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siemowit","family":"Muszy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u015awietlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Wojtysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Grzegorzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Dobrowolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u015awi\u0105tkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin B.","family":"Arciszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9145-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Puzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Bonior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Tomczyk-Warunek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Mielnik-B\u0142aszczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.157","article-title":"The Skeleton as an Endocrine Organ","volume":"8","author":"DiGirolamo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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