{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:04Z","timestamp":1760060164497,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Warsaw","award":["1W21\/1\/M\/MB\/N\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1W21\/1\/M\/MB\/N\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress (OS), defined as an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, contributes to DNA and protein oxidation as well as cellular injury, and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are key antioxidant enzymes that regulate intracellular peroxide levels and maintain redox homeostasis. Beyond its renal implications, OS is closely intertwined with hypertension and atherosclerosis, both common comorbidities that accelerate CKD progression. As previously reported, serum concentrations of PRDXs 1-5 may help to differentiate between IgA nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN), and lupus nephritis (LN). This study aimed to assess the utility of baseline serum PRDX levels in predicting longitudinal changes in kidney function and proteinuria in patients with IgAN, MN, and LN. We analyzed data from 80 patients (IgAN, n = 36; MN, n = 23; LN, n = 21) drawn from an initial cohort of 108 in whom baseline serum concentrations of PRDX 1\u20135 were measured. Patients were stratified into low, medium, and high PRDX level groups at baseline, and associations between these strata and longitudinal changes in eGFR and proteinuria were assessed over a follow-up period of up to five years. Across all groups, the follow-up eGFR was significantly associated with low baseline serum PRDX 1, 2, 3, and 5 (p = 0.043; p = 0.001; p = 0.036; p = 0.007, respectively). Significant associations were also observed between 24 h follow-up proteinuria and low baseline serum PRDX 2, 3, and 5 (p = 0.025; p = 0.025; p = 0.005, respectively), medium PRDX 4 (p = 0.010), and high PRDX 2 (p = 0.019). No significant associations were found within the study groups; however, these associations were more pronounced in IgAN and MN patients. These findings suggest a potential role for PRDXs in predicting and monitoring CKD progression, especially eGFR decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1754910129000},"page":"7708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Peroxiredoxins Reflect Oxidative Stress and Predict Renal Outcomes in Patients with Glomerulonephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Wiewi\u00f3rska-Krata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Moszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ta\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0007-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Knio\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0160-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"P\u0105czek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0757-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Foroncewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMix Center (ProteogenOmix in Medicine), Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Transplantology, Immunology, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, N.R., Fatoba, S.T., Oke, J.L., Hirst, J.A., O\u2019Callaghan, C.A., Lasserson, D.S., and Hobbs, F.D. 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