{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:52:15Z","timestamp":1787237535619,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIDA","award":["R01DA054694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA054694"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIDA","award":["R01DA060210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA060210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serotonin and norepinephrine transporters (SERT and NET), located on the presynaptic terminals, regulate serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NE) neurotransmission by rapid reuptake of released amines from the synapse. Clinically used antidepressants and highly abused psychostimulants have high affinity for these transporters. The function and expression of SERT and NET are altered in mood disorders and psychostimulant use. Therefore, appropriate functional regulation of SERT and NET is important in maintaining normal homeostasis of 5-HT and NE signaling. Both SERT and NET possess kinase-specific phospho-sites\/motifs and exist in phosphorylated state. Several cellular protein kinases and phosphatases regulate the dynamics of phosphorylation of SERT and NET, which in turn determine the subcellular expression and trafficking, microdomain-specific protein\u2013protein interactionsprotein-protein interactions, transporter protein degradation and ultimately transport capacity. Dysregulations in the dynamics of SERT and NET phosphorylation and their impact on functional regulation might contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the neurobiological consequences and behavioral outcome of SERT and NET phosphorylation in vivo are not fully understood. Studies using intact animal models that directly link the phosphorylation of SERT and NET to regulatory molecular mechanisms and animal behavior are just beginning to emerge. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of phosphorylation-dependent regulation of SERT and NET in animal behaviors relevant to mood and psychostimulant use disorders. Understanding of phosphorylation-dependent molecular mechanisms of SERT and NET regulation is pivotal to identifying potential candidate mechanisms as therapeutic targets in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1754910129000},"page":"7713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Role of Phosphorylation of Serotonin and Norepinephrine Transporters in Animal Behavior: Relevance to Neuropsychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lankupalle D.","family":"Jayanthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammanda","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000291769","article-title":"Central serotonin and impulsive aggression","volume":"155","author":"Coccaro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/40.2.288","article-title":"Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: Focus on the serotonin transporter","volume":"40","author":"Owens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"141","article-title":"Serotonin and alcohol drinking","volume":"119","author":"Sellers","year":"1992","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"215","article-title":"Serotonin in animal models of alcoholism","volume":"2","author":"Compagnon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.122.5.509","article-title":"The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence","volume":"122","author":"Schildkraut","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00127-4","article-title":"Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders","volume":"46","author":"Ressler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"S39","article-title":"The role of noradrenaline in depression: A review","volume":"11","author":"Leonard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8451","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08451.1997","article-title":"Reduced levels of norepinephrine transporters in the locus coeruleus in major depression","volume":"17","author":"Klimek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00353-R","article-title":"Evidence for reduction norepinephrine uptake sites in the failing human heart","volume":"25","author":"Bohm","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114294","article-title":"Decreased adrenergic neuronal uptake activity in experimental right heart failure","volume":"84","author":"Liang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199201000-00002","article-title":"Myocardial b-adrenergic desensitization and neuronal norepinephrine uptake function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Merlet","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.82.1.57","article-title":"Myocardial presynaptic and postsynaptic autonomic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"82","author":"Schafers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.3.2.149","article-title":"Norepinephrine kinetics in essential hypertension. Defective neuronal uptake of norepinephrine in some patients","volume":"3","author":"Esler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.78.3.475","article-title":"Activation of histamine H3-receptors inhibits carrier-mediated norepinephrine release during protracted myocardial ischemia. Comparison with adenosine A1-receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors","volume":"78","author":"Imamura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17629","article-title":"X-ray structures and mechanism of the human serotonin transporter","volume":"532","author":"Coleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07638-z","article-title":"Transport and inhibition mechanisms of the human noradrenaline transporter","volume":"632","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03978","article-title":"Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of Na+\/Cl\u2212-dependent neurotransmitter transporters","volume":"437","author":"Yamashita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Bloom, F.E., and Kupfer, D.J. (1995). Norepinephrine and serotonin transporters: Molecular targets of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E728","DOI":"10.1208\/aapsj070373","article-title":"Regulation of monoamine transporters: Influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants","volume":"7","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.43.050802.112309","article-title":"Monoamine transporters: From genes to behavior","volume":"43","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00379-2","article-title":"Cocaine mechanisms: Enhanced cocaine, fluoxetine and nisoxetine place preferences following monoamine transporter deletions","volume":"115","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.11.042","article-title":"Increased impulsive behavior and risk proneness following lentivirus-mediated dopamine transporter over-expression in rats\u2019 nucleus accumbens","volume":"159","author":"Adriani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091039298","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: Combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference","volume":"98","author":"Sora","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.058636","article-title":"Pharmacological and genetic characterization of two selective serotonin transporter ligands: 2-[2-(dimethylaminomethylphenylthio)]-5-fluoromethylphenylamine (AFM) and 3-amino-4-[2-(dimethylaminomethyl-phenylthio)]benzonitrile (DASB)","volume":"308","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00049-X","article-title":"Adaptive changes of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in mice lacking the serotonin transporter","volume":"262","author":"Rioux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5400.397","article-title":"Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity","volume":"283","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.53.4.649","article-title":"Altered brain serotonin homeostasis and locomotor insensitivity to 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (\u201cecstasy\u201d) in serotonin transporter-deficient mice","volume":"53","author":"Bengel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06599.x","article-title":"Regulation of dopamine transporter function by protein-protein interactions: New discoveries and methodological challenges","volume":"113","author":"Eriksen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(01)00158-9","article-title":"Chronic and acute regulation of Na+\/Cl\u2212-dependent neurotransmitter transporters: Drugs, substrates, presynaptic receptors, and signaling systems","volume":"92","author":"Zahniser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.07.010","article-title":"Rapid regulation of the dopamine transporter: Role in stimulant addiction?","volume":"47","author":"Zahniser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2008.00757.x","article-title":"Going with the flow: Trafficking-dependent and -independent regulation of serotonin transport","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.05.002","article-title":"Glutamate and monoamine transporters: New visions of form and function","volume":"17","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1008","article-title":"Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: Structure, regulation and function","volume":"4","author":"Torres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.052423","article-title":"Phosphorylation and regulation of psychostimulant-sensitive neurotransmitter transporters","volume":"310","author":"Vaughan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.07.006","article-title":"Neurotransmitter transporter trafficking: Endocytosis, recycling, and regulation","volume":"104","author":"Melikian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.09.009","article-title":"Regulation of monoamine transporters: Role of transporter phosphorylation","volume":"129","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2542","article-title":"Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization","volume":"90","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01244919","article-title":"Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human brain serotonin transporter","volume":"91","author":"Lesch","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1948036","article-title":"Cloning of a serotonin transporter affected by antidepressants","volume":"254","author":"Hoffman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)46992-X","article-title":"Adenosine A3 receptors regulate serotonin transoprt via nitric oxide and cGMP","volume":"269","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.4.2458","article-title":"Phosphorylation and regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporters","volume":"273","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00124-3","article-title":"Regulated phosphorylation and trafficking of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter proteins","volume":"44","author":"Blakely","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.763","article-title":"Phosphorylation and sequestration of serotonin transporters differentially modulated by psychostimulants","volume":"285","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140826","article-title":"Akt-mediated regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter function, cell-surface expression and phosphorylation","volume":"468","author":"Rajamanickam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11639","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611353200","article-title":"Phosphorylation of threonine residue 276 is required for acute regulation of serotonin transporter by cyclic GMP","volume":"282","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3754-04.2005","article-title":"A role for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the regulation of the serotonin transporter: Evidence for distinct cellular mechanisms involved in transporter surface expression","volume":"25","author":"Samuvel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.009555","article-title":"Evidence for biphasic effects of protein kinase C on serotonin transporter function, endocytosis, and phosphorylation","volume":"67","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00045.1997","article-title":"Protein kinase C activation regulates human serotonin transporters in HEK-293 cells via altered cell surface expression","volume":"17","author":"Qian","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36640-1","article-title":"Calmodulin-dependent regulation of the catalytic function of the human serotonin transporter in placental choriocarcinoma cells","volume":"269","author":"Jayanthi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hoffman, B.J., and Miller, K.J. (1994). The N-Terminal Domain of the 5HT Transporter Partially Mediates the Regulation of Uptake by Protein Kinase C (PKC), Society of Neuroscience."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15649","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410858200","article-title":"p38 MAPK activation elevates serotonin transport activity via a trafficking-independent, protein phosphatase 2A-dependent process","volume":"280","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00664","article-title":"Histamine Receptors Regulate the Activity, Surface Expression, and Phosphorylation of Serotonin Transporters","volume":"11","author":"Annamalai","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15152","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3\u00df supports serotonin transporter function and trafficking in a phosphorylation-dependent manner","volume":"156","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1808-19.2019","article-title":"A Mutation in Hnrnph1 That Decreases Methamphetamine-Induced Reinforcement, Reward, and Dopamine Release and Increases Synaptosomal hnRNP H and Mitochondrial Proteins","volume":"40","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000113750","article-title":"Serotonin (5-HT) transport in human platelets is modulated by Src-catalysed Tyr-phosphorylation of the plasma membrane transporter SERT","volume":"21","author":"Zarpellon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10878","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0034-07.2007","article-title":"Serotonin transporter phosphorylation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase is altered by a mutation associated with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.65.6.1462","article-title":"Adenosine receptor, protein kinase G, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent up-regulation of serotonin transporters involves both transporter trafficking and activation","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.121665","article-title":"Rapid stimulation of presynaptic serotonin transport by A(3) adenosine receptors","volume":"322","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.06.018","article-title":"Calcium\/calmodulin-dependent kinase II regulates the interaction between the serotonin transporter and syntaxin 1A","volume":"55","author":"Ciccone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(02)00187-0","article-title":"Serotonin transport is modulated differently by tetanus toxin and growth factors","volume":"42","author":"Gil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"97","article-title":"Kappa Opioid Receptor Mediated Differential Regulation of Serotonin and Dopamine Transporters in Mood and Substance Use Disorder","volume":"271","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40535-7","article-title":"Active transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from human blood platelets","volume":"252","author":"Rudnick","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90625-4","article-title":"Studies of a neurochemical link between depression, anxiety, and stress from [3H]imipramine and [3H]paroxetine binding on human platelets","volume":"36","author":"Iny","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1021\/cb4007198","article-title":"Characterization of intracellular regions in the human serotonin transporter for phosphorylation sites","volume":"9","author":"Sorensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R5","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00323-D","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors regulate serotonin uptake in platelets","volume":"280","author":"Helmeste","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.073171","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphorylation of the human serotonin transporter: A role in the transporter stability and function","volume":"81","author":"Annamalai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.10.011","article-title":"Modulation of serotonin transporter function by kappa-opioid receptor ligands","volume":"113","author":"Sundaramurthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527","article-title":"Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region","volume":"274","author":"Lesch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000415","article-title":"Serotonin transporter candidate gene studies in affective disorders and personality: Promises and potential pitfalls [editorial]","volume":"3","author":"Greenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.598","article-title":"Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.034","article-title":"The serotonin transporter in depression: Meta-analysis of in vivo and post mortem findings and implications for understanding and treating depression","volume":"186","author":"Kambeitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1112.12046","article-title":"Effect of ginsenoside Re on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and cognition memory deficit induced by repeated immobilization in rats","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.06.001","article-title":"Neuropsychological functions in anxiety disorders in population-based samples: Evidence of episodic memory dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950110025005","article-title":"Serotonin and the neurobiology of depression. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free depressed patients","volume":"51","author":"Delgado","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950040053007","article-title":"Tryptophan depletion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"Barr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"531","article-title":"Dopamine in the hippocampus is cleared by the norepinephrine transporter","volume":"15","author":"Borgkvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.09.003","article-title":"Abnormal behavioral phenotypes of serotonin transporter knockout mice: Parallels with human anxiety and depression","volume":"54","author":"Holmes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300266","article-title":"Mice lacking the serotonin transporter exhibit 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated abnormalities in tests for anxiety-like behavior","volume":"28","author":"Holmes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12283","article-title":"GSK3beta isoform-selective regulation of depression, memory and hippocampal cell proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Pardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2012.742518","article-title":"Protective effect of puerarin against beta-amyloid-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cultures from rat hippocampus: Involvement of the GSK-3beta\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"47","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.003","article-title":"AGEs induce Alzheimer-like tau pathology and memory deficit via RAGE-mediated GSK-3 activation","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24053","article-title":"Inhibition of gecko GSK-3beta promotes elongation of neurites and oligodendrocyte processes but decreases the proliferation of blastemal cells","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.017","article-title":"Association between GSK-3beta -50T\/C polymorphism and personality and psychotic symptoms in mood disorders","volume":"158","author":"Serretti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03299-w","article-title":"Serotonin Transporter Ala276 Mouse: Novel Model to Assess the Neurochemical and Behavioral Impact of Thr276 Phosphorylation In Vivo","volume":"47","author":"Meinke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501432102","article-title":"Human serotonin transporter variants display altered sensitivity to protein kinase G and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"102","author":"Prasad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112345109","article-title":"Autism gene variant causes hyperserotonemia, serotonin receptor hypersensitivity, social impairment and repetitive behavior","volume":"109","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1067","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.17","article-title":"An autism-associated serotonin transporter variant disrupts multisensory processing","volume":"7","author":"Siemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809137115","article-title":"p38alpha MAPK signaling drives pharmacologically reversible brain and gastrointestinal phenotypes in the SERT Ala56 mouse","volume":"115","author":"Robson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00714","article-title":"Structural Rearrangement of the Serotonin Transporter Intracellular Gate Induced by Thr276 Phosphorylation","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.2.440","article-title":"A human serotonin transporter mutation causes constitutive activation of transport activity","volume":"64","author":"Kilic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/350350a0","article-title":"Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter","volume":"350","author":"Pacholczyk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70062241.x","article-title":"Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the murine norepinephrine transporter","volume":"70","author":"Fritz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19315","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311172200","article-title":"Regulated internalization and phosphorylation of the native norepinephrine transporter in response to phorbol esters. Evidence for localization in lipid rafts and lipid raft-mediated internalization","volume":"279","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23326","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601156200","article-title":"Phosphorylation of the norepinephrine transporter at threonine 258 and serine 259 is linked to protein kinase C-mediated transporter internalization","volume":"281","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06898.x","article-title":"Involvement of threonine 258 and serine 259 motif in amphetamine-induced norepinephrine transporter endocytosis","volume":"115","author":"Annamalai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37852-8","article-title":"Acute regulation of norepinephrine transport: II. PKC-modulated surface expression of human norepinephrine transporter proteins","volume":"287","author":"Apparsundaram","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37851-6","article-title":"Acute regulation of norepinephrine transport: I. PKC-linked muscarinic receptors influence transport capacity and transporter density in SK-N-SH cells","volume":"287","author":"Apparsundaram","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20696","article-title":"PET imaging of the effects of age and cocaine on the norepinephrine transporter in the human brain using (S,S)-[(11)C]O-methylreboxetine and HRRT","volume":"64","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00012.2003","article-title":"Chronic cocaine self-administration upregulates the norepinephrine transporter and alters functional activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rhesus monkey","volume":"23","author":"Macey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2162-1","article-title":"Effects of chronic cocaine self-administration on norepinephrine transporters in the nonhuman primate brain","volume":"180","author":"Beveridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20239","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.226811","article-title":"Cocaine up-regulation of the norepinephrine transporter requires threonine 30 phosphorylation by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"286","author":"Mannangatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10814","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.612192","article-title":"A Role for p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-mediated Threonine 30-dependent Norepinephrine Transporter Regulation in Cocaine Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference","volume":"290","author":"Mannangatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7571","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07571.2000","article-title":"Cocaine and antidepressant-sensitive biogenic amine transporters exist in regulated complexes with protein phosphatase 2A","volume":"20","author":"Bauman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28599","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.472878","article-title":"Regulated norepinephrine transporter interaction with the neurokinin-1 receptor establishes transporter subcellular localization","volume":"288","author":"Arapulisamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-05-01697.2003","article-title":"A regulated interaction of syntaxin 1A with the antidepressant-sensitive norepinephrine transporter establishes catecholamine clearance capacity","volume":"23","author":"Sung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.130534","article-title":"Dysregulation of dopamine transporter trafficking and function after abstinence from cocaine self-administration in rats: Evidence for differential regulation in caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens","volume":"325","author":"Samuvel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27534","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.441295","article-title":"Membrane-permeable C-terminal dopamine transporter peptides attenuate amphetamine-evoked dopamine release","volume":"288","author":"Rickhag","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417294111","article-title":"The rare DAT coding variant Val559 perturbs DA neuron function, changes behavior, and alters in vivo responses to psychostimulants","volume":"111","author":"Mergy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12808","article-title":"Amphetamine potency varies with dopamine uptake rate across striatal subregions","volume":"131","author":"Siciliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"H875","article-title":"S-nitrosothiols inhibit neuronal norepinephrine transport","volume":"272","author":"Kaye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.026690","article-title":"Amphetamine induces a calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-dependent reduction in norepinephrine transporter surface expression linked to changes in syntaxin 1A\/transporter complexes","volume":"71","author":"Dipace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7863","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4574-09.2010","article-title":"Rab11 supports amphetamine-stimulated norepinephrine transporter trafficking","volume":"30","author":"Matthies","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113480988","article-title":"Noradrenergic modulation of cognition: Therapeutic implications","volume":"27","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.07.020","article-title":"Memory of a drug lapse: Role of noradrenaline","volume":"99","author":"Boughner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11017","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3321-04.2004","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: Evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity","volume":"24","author":"Hester","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.037","article-title":"A pattern of perseveration in cocaine addiction may reveal neurocognitive processes implicit in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test","volume":"49","author":"Woicik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","article-title":"The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction","volume":"162","author":"Volkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.016","article-title":"PET imaging for addiction medicine: From neural mechanisms to clinical considerations","volume":"224","author":"Wiers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420118-7.00004-4","article-title":"Monoamine transporter inhibitors and substrates as treatments for stimulant abuse","volume":"69","author":"Howell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.07.044","article-title":"Psychostimulants affect dopamine transmission through both dopamine transporter-dependent and independent mechanisms","volume":"764","author":"Gevorkiana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01375.x","article-title":"Contribution of blockade of the noradrenaline carrier to the increase of extracellular dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex by amphetamine and cocaine","volume":"9","author":"Tanda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00389.2002","article-title":"Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter: Evidence from knock-out mouse lines","volume":"22","author":"Moron","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301263","article-title":"There and back again: A tale of norepinephrine and drug addiction","volume":"32","author":"Weinshenker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150121225659","article-title":"The Involvement of Norepinephrine in Behaviors Related to Psychostimulant Addiction","volume":"13","author":"Zaniewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.08.003","article-title":"Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant addiction","volume":"75","author":"Howell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04599.x","article-title":"Blockade of the noradrenaline carrier increases extracellular dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex: Evidence that dopamine is taken up in vivo by noradrenergic terminals","volume":"55","author":"Carboni","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.005","article-title":"Interference of norepinephrine transporter trafficking motif attenuates amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and conditioned place preference","volume":"128","author":"Mannangatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.12.024","article-title":"Differential roles of medial prefrontal subregions in the regulation of drug seeking","volume":"1628","author":"Moorman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.281","article-title":"Compound stimulus presentation and the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine enhance long-term extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior","volume":"37","author":"Janak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.11.003","article-title":"Effects on spontaneous and cocaine-induced behavior of pharmacological inhibition of noradrenergic and serotonergic systems","volume":"89","author":"Carey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-01988-x","article-title":"Blunted Amphetamine-induced Reinforcing Behaviors and Transporter Downregulation in Knock-in Mice Carrying Alanine Mutations at Threonine-258 and Serine-259 of Norepinephrine Transporter","volume":"72","author":"Mannangatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4050-13.2014","article-title":"Biphasic mechanisms of amphetamine action at the dopamine terminal","volume":"34","author":"Siciliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05910.x","article-title":"Rapid substrate-induced down-regulation in function and surface localization of dopamine transporters: Rat dorsal striatum versus nucleus accumbens","volume":"108","author":"Richards","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07073.x","article-title":"Amphetamine modulation of long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex: Dose dependency, monoaminergic contributions, and paradoxical rescue in hyperdopaminergic mutant","volume":"115","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.07.003","article-title":"Sex differences in drug abuse","volume":"29","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011163","article-title":"Sex Differences in Animal Models: Focus on Addiction","volume":"68","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23963","article-title":"Sex differences, gender and addiction","volume":"95","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1183-2","article-title":"Biological basis of sex differences in drug abuse: Preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"164","author":"Lynch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.08.001","article-title":"Sex differences in the vulnerability to drug abuse: A review of preclinical studies","volume":"28","author":"Roth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornish, J.L., and Prasad, A.A. (2021). Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorders: A Neurobiological Perspective. Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health, 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.778514"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2010_93","article-title":"Females are more vulnerable to drug abuse than males: Evidence from preclinical studies and the role of ovarian hormones","volume":"8","author":"Anker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113267","article-title":"Novelty-induced hyperactivity and suppressed cocaine induced locomotor activation in mice lacking threonine 53 phosphorylation of dopamine transporter","volume":"408","author":"Subler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171252025","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0171-25.2025","article-title":"Threonine-53 Phosphorylation of Dopamine Transporter Dictates kappa-Opioid Receptor-Mediated Locomotor Suppression, Aversion, and Cocaine Reward","volume":"45","author":"Durairaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/16\/7713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:16Z","timestamp":1760034436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/16\/7713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26167713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26167713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]}}}