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It was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, utilizing a comprehensive literature search of major academic databases, including PubMed and Web of Science. The search was performed until 1 March 2025, using a combination of predefined search terms and Boolean operators (AND, OR) to ensure a comprehensive identification of relevant studies. A comprehensive summary of the evidence on immunological and neuroinflammatory pathways underlying the NDDs is shown. This review also reports evidence on early-onset presentation of schizophrenia spectrum and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder since clinical researchers are beginning to consider these conditions neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, this review outlines the recently described clinical entity, PANS (Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome), and its clinical and pathogenetic contact points with NDDs, delineating a spectrum of disorders that share common pathogenetic pathways. This scoping review improves the awareness of immune\/neuroinflammatory correlates supporting NDDs. Furthermore, it suggests adopting a transnosographic approach to neuropsychiatric disorders, including PANS as a syndromic construct that overlaps with NDDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T17:22:07Z","timestamp":1754932927000},"page":"7767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Immune\/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, \u201cKore\u201d University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cucinotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Giunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human and Evolutionary Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3584-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Di Modica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human and Evolutionary Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8868-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"De Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Costanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"German\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human and Evolutionary Pathology \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Frankovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Division of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University Children\u2019s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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