{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:33:18Z","timestamp":1787319198494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acmella radicans, commonly known as the \u201ctoothache plant,\u201d is traditionally attributed with medicinal properties, although few studies have validated its biological effects. In the present study, a chemical analysis of the wild plant was performed using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts from the roots (RE) and aerial parts (AE), as well as their respective fractions, was evaluated. The dichloromethane fractions of the aerial parts (DFAE) and root extracts (DFRE) at a concentration of 25 \u03bcg\/mL demonstrated the highest inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, reducing levels to 22.2 \u00b1 1.9 and 22.2 \u00b1 2.9 \u03bcM, respectively. Moreover, these fractions exhibited a notable inhibition of TNF-\u03b1 production, lowering its concentration to 22.6 \u00b1 3.3 pg\/mL (DFAE) and 24.8 \u00b1 5.3 pg\/mL (DFRE) at 25 \u00b5g\/mL. GC-MS chemical profiling revealed the presence of alkamides such as N-isobutyl-2E,6Z,8E-decatrienamide, N-(2-methylbutyl)-2E,6Z,8E-decatrienamide, and N-(2-phenylethyl)-2E,4Z-octadienamide in both root and aerial part extracts. The dichloromethane fractions showed a higher abundance of alkamides compared to the hexane fractions, suggesting that these compounds may be at least partially responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, AE showed moderate activity against S. typhimurium and low activity against other bacteria, while RE was especially effective against a resistant strain of S. aureus, indicating an MIC of 31.25 \u03bcg\/mL, likely due to its high content of alkamides, particularly spilanthol. Several fractions also inhibited bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli, possibly because of the presence of alkamides and compounds like \u03b2-amyrin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T16:09:55Z","timestamp":1755274195000},"page":"7884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["GC-MS-Identified Alkamides and Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of Wild Acmella radicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Hurtado-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubicela","family":"Teta-Talixtacta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Guadalajara-Nogales, Col. Las Agujas, Zapopan 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bernab\u00e9-Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Guadalajara-Nogales, Col. Las Agujas, Zapopan 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Silva-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood, Pulp and Paper, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Guadalajara-Nogales, Col. Las Agujas, Zapopan 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4600-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Crystal","family":"Columba-Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5082-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Marquina-Bahena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Research Center-IICBA, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3558-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Autonomous Metropolitan University-Iztapalapa Campus, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa. Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7127-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Cruz-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Autonomous Metropolitan University-Iztapalapa Campus, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1\u00aa. Secci\u00f3n, Alcald\u00eda Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Plantas medicinales usadas por los T\u00e9nek en la Huasteca, M\u00e9xico","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"CienciaUAT"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancene.2019.100195","article-title":"A framework for exploring and managing biocultural heritage","volume":"25","author":"Lindholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"008","article-title":"A review on medicinal plants against cancer","volume":"2","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Sci. Agric. 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