{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:57:55Z","timestamp":1791496675920,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-113050RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-113050RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Species of the Ferula genus are known for their traditional medicinal applications against diverse illnesses. Our previous study was the first to suggest the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Ferula persica L. However, the neuroprotective efficacy of therapeutic molecules is often limited by their ability to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain. In the present study, the BBB permeability of the main molecules present in the aerial parts and roots of F. persica L. extracted under optimum conditions was assessed using two well-established methods: the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and the HBMEC cell culture in vitro model. The results demonstrated a high permeability of several neuroprotective compounds, such as apigenin, diosmetin, and \u03b1-cyperone. Additionally, the neuroprotective potential of F. persica extracts was evaluated using SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells exposed to different insults, including oxidative stress (H2O2), excitotoxicity (L-glutamate), and A\u03b21-42 peptide toxicity. However, none of the obtained extracts provided significant protection. This study highlights the importance of in vitro cell culture models for a better understanding of BBB permeability mechanisms and reports the tentative identification of newly formed sulfated metabolites derived from the metabolism of ferulic acid, apigenin, and diosmetin by HBMEC cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T15:29:29Z","timestamp":1755617369000},"page":"8017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the In Vitro Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Transport of Ferula persica L. Bioactive Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8838-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pouya","family":"Mohammadnezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melis","family":"Cokdinleyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6709-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Mendiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7464-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7567","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases: An overview of environmental risk factors","volume":"113","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. 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