{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:19:31Z","timestamp":1788283171392,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adipocytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis by modulating inflammation, blood\u2013brain barrier function and immune responses, which may affect disease course and treatment outcomes. Our study assessed serum levels of visfatin, adiponectin and resistin in patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod or natalizumab. We examined 49 patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis and 38 healthy controls. Participants were divided into three groups: patients treated with fingolimod, those treated with natalizumab and the controls. Serum levels of visfatin, adiponectin and resistin were measured. We analyzed correlations with disease duration, treatment duration and body mass index. Adiponectin levels were significantly higher in patients treated with natalizumab compared to those receiving fingolimod and healthy controls (p &lt; 0.05). In the fingolimod group, visfatin levels increased with treatment duration. The mean level was 51.27 pg\/mL for treatment shorter than eighteen months and 59.12 pg\/mL for longer treatment (p &lt; 0.05). In the same group, resistin levels correlated positively with body mass index (p &lt; 0.05), while visfatin levels showed a negative correlation (p &lt; 0.05). Fingolimod may affect adipocytokine levels, which could support patient monitoring. Increased adiponectin in natalizumab-treated patients suggests its possible role in the therapeutic mechanism of the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T08:40:48Z","timestamp":1755765648000},"page":"8070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Selected Serum Adipocytokines in Patients with Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Immunomodulatory Second-Line Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Morawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4506-3737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kwinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Rakoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3879-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Zalejska-Fiolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksawier","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Adamczyk-Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8843","article-title":"Assessing environmental epidemiology questions in practice with a causal inference pipeline: An investigation of the air pollution-multiple sclerosis relapses relationship","volume":"40","author":"Sommer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat. 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