{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:55:20Z","timestamp":1782305720295,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"DoD Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDMRPL-16-0-DM160469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDMRPL-16-0-DM160469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>16S rRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) has significantly advanced cervicovaginal microbiome profiling, offering insights into the relationship between vaginal dysbiosis and HPV-associated carcinogenesis. However, reliance on a limited set of 16S hypervariable regions introduces inherent biases that impact results. This study developed standardized workflows for 16S\/ITS NGS, with a focus on identifying methodological biases that influence microbial abundance and taxonomic specificity. Commercial NGS tools were employed, including the 16S\/ITS QIAseq V1\u2013V9 screening panel, ATCC vaginal microbial standard, and CLC Genomics Workbench integrated with a customized database (VAGIBIOTA) for analysis. The microbial communities of 66 cervical cytology samples were characterized. Among the regions tested, V3V4 exhibited the least quantitative bias, while V1V2 offered the highest specificity. Microbial profiles and Community State Types (CST) (I\u2013V) were broadly consistent with prior studies, with Lactobacillus abundance clustering into three states: L.-dominant (CST I\u2013III, V), L.-diminished (CST IV-A), and L.-depleted (CST IV-B). Differential abundance analysis revealed that anaerobic opportunistic pathogens dominant in CST IV-B (dysbiosis) were also enriched in HSIL and HPV-16 positive samples. Our findings revealed distinct differences in species identification across 16S rRNA hypervariable regions, emphasizing the importance of region selection in clarifying microbial contributions to HPV-associated carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:41:45Z","timestamp":1755848505000},"page":"8090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cervicovaginal Microbiome and HPV: A Standardized Approach to 16S\/ITS NGS and Microbial Community Profiling for Viral Association"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0876-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Shen-Gunther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecologic Oncology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkelberg, W.E. 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