{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1760060394187,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ZV","award":["VEGA 1\/0285\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0285\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) are a novel and biologically potent source of multipotent stromal cells with potential beyond reproductive medicine. This study explored their phenotypic profile, trilineage differentiation, and the cytoprotective effects of their conditioned media (eMSCCM) on oxidatively stressed neonatal and adult chondrocytes. Canine eMSCs displayed typical fibroblast-like morphology and expressed high levels of mesenchymal surface markers CD29 and CD44, low hematopoietic markers CD34\/CD45, and variable CD90, confirming a mesenchymal identity. Differentiation assays revealed osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, whereas adipogenic activity was limited. Using eMSCCM at 25% and 50% concentrations, chondrocyte viability was assessed after exposure to 200 \u00b5M H2O2. eMSCCM significantly enhanced the viability of H2O2-stressed chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner, particularly at 50%, with marked effects at 24 and 48 h. Although metabolic activity declined at 72 h, the treated cells remained more metabolically active than untreated controls. These findings suggest that eMSCCM offers promising cytoprotective effects for cartilage-related oxidative stress conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:41:45Z","timestamp":1755848505000},"page":"8091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canine Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characterization and Functional Assessment for Cartilage Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Vikartovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Maloveska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Nosalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubica","family":"Hornakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mykhailo","family":"Huniadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Hudakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slavomir","family":"Hornak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blazej","family":"Kalinaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kubatka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasa","family":"Cizkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03454-6","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy","volume":"77","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells: The First 10 Years","volume":"22","author":"Gargett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargett, C.E., and Hapangama, D. (2022). Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells: Prospects and Challenges. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091466"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc23091","article-title":"Human Endometrial Regenerative Cells for Neurological Disorders: Hype or Hope?","volume":"17","author":"Momeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bausyte, R., Vaigauskaite-Mazeikiene, B., Borutinskaite, V., Valatkaite, E., Besusparis, J., Valkiuniene, R.B., Kazenaite, E., Ramasauskaite, D., and Navakauskiene, R. (2023). Human Endometrium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells Application in Endometrial-Factor Induced Infertility. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1227487"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phyo, H., Aburza, A., Mellanby, K., and Esteves, C.L. (2023). Characterization of Canine Adipose- and Endometrium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells and Response to Lipopolysaccharide. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1180760"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin, S.P., Stoker, A.M., Murphy, S.M., Kowaleski, M.P., Gillick, M., Kim, S.E., Karlin, M., Cross, A., and Cook, J.L. (2021). Outcomes Associated with Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in Dogs. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.759610"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v11.i5.254","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration in Dogs","volume":"11","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24186","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutics as MSC Trophic Mediators in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"303","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costela-Ruiz, V.J., Melguizo-Rodr\u00edguez, L., Bellotti, C., Illescas-Montes, R., Stanco, D., Arciola, C.R., and Lucarelli, E. (2022). Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Regeneration: A Guide to Identifying the Most Favorable One in Orthopedics and Dentistry Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116356"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tempest, N., Maclean, A., and Hapangama, D.K. (2018). Endometrial Stem Cell Markers: Current Concepts and Unresolved Questions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103240"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal Criteria for Defining Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy Position Statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, W., Horn, P., Castoldi, M., Diehlmann, A., Bork, S., Saffrich, R., Benes, V., Blake, J., Pfister, S., and Eckstein, V. (2008). Replicative Senescence of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Continuous and Organized Process. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002213"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szac004","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cell Senescence: Hallmarks, Mechanisms, and Combating Strategies","volume":"11","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46020092","article-title":"Association between Donor Age and Osteogenic Potential of Human Adipose Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"46","author":"Sattar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Azab, M., Safi, M., Idiiatullina, E., Al-Shaebi, F., and Zaky, M.Y. (2022). Aging of Mesenchymal Stem Cell: Machinery, Markers, and Strategies of Fighting. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00366-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31820865d5","article-title":"Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Potential Mechanism for Estrogen-Induced Preferential Osteoblast versus Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"341","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197598","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7197598","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Downregulate Senescence Features in Osteoarthritic Osteoblasts","volume":"2017","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1997.3858","article-title":"In Vitro Chondrogenesis of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells","volume":"238","author":"Johnstone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13011","article-title":"Region-Specific Effects of Oestradiol on Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Differentiation in Post-Menopausal Women","volume":"21","author":"Erickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02720-y","article-title":"Adipogenic Differentiation Was Inhibited by Downregulation of PPAR\u03b3 Signaling Pathway in Aging Tendon Stem\/Progenitor Cells","volume":"16","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4161\/21623945.2014.987580","article-title":"Optimization of in Vitro Cultivation Strategies for Human Adipocyte Derived Stem Cells","volume":"4","author":"Storck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12885","article-title":"Isolation, Proliferation and Characterization of Endometrial Canine Stem Cells","volume":"52","author":"Grolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim. Zuchthyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morawska-Koz\u0142owska, M., Pitas, M., and Zhalniarovich, Y. (2025). Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Veterinary Medicine\u2014Still Untapped Potential. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15081175"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousins, F.L., Filby, C.E., and Gargett, C.E. (2022). Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells\u2014Their Role in Endometrial Repair and Regeneration. Front. Reprod. Health, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.811537"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10115-5","article-title":"Estrogen- and Progesterone (P4)-Mediated Epigenetic Modifications of Endometrial Stromal Cells (EnSCs) and\/or Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells (MSCs) in the Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"17","author":"Szukiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Liu, C., Xie, Z., Song, P., Zhao, R.C.H., Guo, L., Liu, Z., and Wu, Y. (2011). Epigenetic Dysregulation in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aging and Spontaneous Differentiation. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020526"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439097","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6439097","article-title":"Epigenetic Alterations under Oxidative Stress in Stem Cells","volume":"2022","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20461","article-title":"A Decreased Positivity for CD90 on Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) Is Associated with a Loss of Immunosuppressive Activity by MSCs","volume":"76","author":"Campioni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.172","article-title":"Culture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells at Low Oxygen Tension Improves Growth and Genetic Stability by Activating Glycolysis","volume":"19","author":"Estrada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guest, D.J., Dudhia, J., Smith, R.K.W., Roberts, S.J., Conzemius, M., Innes, J.F., Fortier, L.A., and Meeson, R.L. (2022). Position Statement: Minimal Criteria for Reporting Veterinary and Animal Medicine Research for Mesenchymal Stromal\/Stem Cells in Orthopedic Applications. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.817041"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mali\u010dev, E., and Jazbec, K. (2024). An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Concentration. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030350"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payr, S., Schuseil, T., Unger, M., Seeliger, C., Tiefenboeck, T., Balmayor, E.R., and van Griensven, M. (2020). Effect of Donor Age and 3D-Cultivation on Osteogenic Differentiation Capacity of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67254-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Luo, P., Yang, M., Wang, J., Hou, W., and Xu, P. (2022). The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Development of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Research Review. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1001212"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.038","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species, Aging and Articular Cartilage Homeostasis","volume":"132","author":"Bolduc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Yahaya, B.H., Ng, W.H., Yusoff, N.M., and Lin, J. (2019). Conditioned Medium of Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Endometrial Stem Cells Protects Against MPP+-Induced Cytotoxicity in Vitro. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00080"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.21.169","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Conditioned Medium from Endometrial Stem Cells on Endometriosis-Derived Endometrial Stem Cells","volume":"55","author":"Sahraei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842296","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7842296","article-title":"Endometrial Regenerative Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium Alleviates Experimental Colitis","volume":"2022","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0038","article-title":"Concise Review: Therapeutic Potential of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Secretome and Extracellular Vesicles for Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: Progress and Hypotheses","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinaro, F., G\u00f3mez-Serrano, M., Jorge, I., Silla-Castro, J., V\u00e1zquez, J., S\u00e1nchez-Margallo, F., Blazquez, R., L\u00f3pez, E., \u00c1lvarez P\u00e9rez, V., and Casado, J. (2019). Unraveling the Molecular Signature of Extracellular Vesicles from Endometrial-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Modulatory Effects and Therapeutic Applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00431"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3002","article-title":"Plasticity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immunomodulation: Pathological and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vizoso, F.J., Eiro, N., Cid, S., Schneider, J., and Perez-Fernandez, R. (2017). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies in Regenerative Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091852"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102737","article-title":"Paracrine Senescence of Human Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Role for the Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3","volume":"12","author":"Vassilieva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudakova, N., Mudronova, D., Marcincakova, D., Slovinska, L., Majerova, P., Maloveska, M., Petrouskova, P., Humenik, F., and Cizkova, D. (2023). The Role of Primed and Non-Primed MSC-Derived Conditioned Media in Neuroregeneration. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1241432"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vozar, J., Hudakova, N., Nosalova, N., Huniadi, M., Marcincakova, D., Hornak, S., Hornakova, L., Majerova, P., and Cizkova, D. (2025). Impact of Eggshell Membrane on Metabolism and Cell Adhesion in Oxidatively Stressed Canine Chondrocytes. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1517349"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/16\/8091\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:32:54Z","timestamp":1760034774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/16\/8091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26168091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26168091","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}