{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T13:01:01Z","timestamp":1770987661187,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug, but is limited both by its toxicity and its tendency to induce drug resistance rapidly in some patients. Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which is overexpressed in various cancers, has two main isoforms: a long (TG2-L) and a short form (TG2-S). While TG2-L supports cell survival, conversely, TG2-S promotes cell death. Evidence increasingly suggests that TG2 may be a suitable target for combating chemoresistance in a variety of human cancers. Here, we show that cisplatin toxicity towards wild-type MCF-7 breast cancer cells is associated with reduced TG2-L and TG2-S expression, whereas approximately doubling the TG2-L expression through the retinoic acid pre-treatment of these cells induces survival in the presence of cisplatin at levels similar to those seen in long-term cisplatin-co-cultured cells, which have reduced sensitivity. The treatment of cisplatin-surviving cells with cisplatin alone did not significantly alter the levels of either TG2 isoform, whereas the cisplatin challenge of cisplatin-surviving MCF-7 cells following 20 \u00b5M retinoic acid pre-treatment resulted in increased levels of TG2-L, increased TG2 enzyme activity, and no significant change in TG2-S levels, with increased cell survival. These findings suggest a subtype-specific regulatory effect of RA in cisplatin-surviving MCF-7 cells, with TG2-L upregulated at higher RA concentrations, potentially contributing to altered cisplatin sensitivity. Anti-TG2 siRNA silencing reduced cisplatin IC50 to base levels in both wild-type and cisplatin-surviving MCF-7 cells, supporting the notion that the modulation of TG2 expression could offer a significant benefit to cisplatin efficacy. Preventing excessive retinoic acid exposure may also be a mechanism for maximising cisplatin efficacy, considering TG2 modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:41:45Z","timestamp":1755848505000},"page":"8101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retinoic Acid-Induced Transglutaminase 2 Expression Reduces Sensitivity to Cisplatin in the Hormone-Positive MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-3331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebidor U.","family":"Lawani-Luwaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, PMB 071, Amassoma 560103, Bayelsa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire V. S.","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Coussons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert, M., and Germain, P. (2023). Retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060864"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.12.042","article-title":"Retinoic acid","volume":"18","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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