{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:32:24Z","timestamp":1777901544566,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis involving immune dysregulation and microbial alterations. This study compared the mycobiomes of skin, blood, and stool samples in rosacea patients and healthy controls to assess fungal diversity, abundance, and possible translocation, as well as associations with bacterial microbiomes. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing was performed on samples from 14 rosacea patients and 8 controls. While distinct fungal community compositions were observed across sample types, no significant differences in fungal diversity or genus abundance were found between the patient and control groups in any compartment. Malassezia dominated the skin mycobiome, while stool samples showed higher abundances of Candida and Saccharomyces, which were inversely correlated. Patients with high skin and blood Malassezia also exhibited increased Cutibacterium abundance, suggesting a potential role in impaired skin barrier integrity. Stool samples with elevated Saccharomyces correlated with higher levels of anti-inflammatory bacteria Prevotella and Agathobacter, whereas Candida dominance showed the opposite. These findings suggest that fungal dysbiosis, in the interplay with bacterial communities, may influence rosacea pathogenesis through the gut\u2013skin axis. This work underscores the significance of integrated microbiome research across multiple biological compartments in order to enhance our understanding and potential targeting of microbial factors in rosacea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T12:31:26Z","timestamp":1755865886000},"page":"8127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrative Analysis of Fungal and Bacterial Microbiomes Across Skin, Blood, and Stool in Rosacea Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Isolde","family":"Joura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"K\u00e1roly R\u00e1cz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9va","family":"Nemes-Nikod\u00e9m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antal","family":"Jobb\u00e1gy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1880-429X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsanna A","family":"Dunai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Makra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"B\u00e1nv\u00f6lgyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"S\u00e1rdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarolta Eszter","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, P\u00e1l Heim National Institute of Pediatrics, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0744-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Holl\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Ostorh\u00e1zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120625","article-title":"Standard classification of rosacea: Report of the national rosacea society expert committee on the classification and staging of rosacea","volume":"46","author":"Wilkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am. 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