{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:04:57Z","timestamp":1790949897710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The internal mammary arteries (IMAs) and coronary arteries share many common characteristics. The inner layer (tunica intima, or intima) of both arteries is lined with a smooth, longitudinally orientated monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs), connective tissue, and an internal elastic lamina that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media (middle layer). The intima of IMAs is lined with an additional protective layer, the neointima, containing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The neointima, located between the intima and internal elastic lamina, protects IMAs from damage by assisting in the remodeling of VSMCs. Coarse longitudinal folds in the internal elastic lamina of IMAs partially prevent the infiltration of VSMCs into damaged IMAs, and intimal thickening is thus less likely to occur. Inflamed IMAs resist the migration of monocytes across the endothelial layer and prevent the formation of lipid-rich macrophages (foam cells) within the subintimal or medial layers of arteries. IMAs are thus less likely to form plaques and develop atherosclerosis (AS). Higher levels of prostacyclin (PGI2) in IMAs prevent blood clotting. The anti-thrombotic agents, and production of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interferon-\u03b3 (INF-\u03b3), and visfatin render IMAs more resistant to inflammation. An increase in the production of nitric oxide (NO) by ECs of IMAs may be due to small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins that alter the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and TLR pathways. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IMAs is suppressed due to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX) by a pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which is a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN). In this review, a comparison is drawn between the anatomy of IMAs and coronary arteries, with an emphasis on how ECs of IMAs react to immunological changes, rendering them more suited for coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs). This narrative review covers the most recent findings published in PubMed and Crossref databases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T12:31:26Z","timestamp":1755865886000},"page":"8142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Cytokines (or Activating Factors) on Arterial Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon M. T.","family":"Dicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"519","article-title":"Why is the mammary artery so special and what protects it from atherosclerosis?","volume":"2","author":"Otsuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(93)90483-X","article-title":"Histological study of the internal mammary artery with emphasis on its suitability as a coronary artery bypass graft","volume":"55","author":"Smedts","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. 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