{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:23Z","timestamp":1760060423282,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU109-MF-88","CMU-11242656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU109-MF-88","CMU-11242656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Blessing Co., Ltd.","award":["CMU109-MF-88","CMU-11242656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU109-MF-88","CMU-11242656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental enamel discoloration, extrinsic staining, and periodontal biofilms remain persistent challenges in oral health. This study explores the in vitro, dual-functional potential of Magnolia figo flower extract (FMO), a sesquiterpene-rich botanical active phytochemical ingredient (API), for aesthetic and antimicrobial oral applications. FTIR identified characteristic terpenoid and long-chain fatty acid functional groups, including \u03b2-elemene, \u03b3-elemene, and caryophyllene oxide. Whitening efficacy on coffee-stained bovine enamel was quantified using CIELAB colorimetry. The 0.5% FMO treatment achieved \u0394E* = 8.49, which was within the clinical perceptibility threshold and the optimal biocompatibility balance. SEM confirmed no demineralization on the enamel surface after immersion in 3.0% FMO for 12 h. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis, with MIC and MBC values of 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively. Biofilm formation was reduced by over 50% at a 0.148% concentration. Cytocompatibility assays using HGF-1 cells with various concentrations of FMO showed reduced cell viability at higher concentrations. When exposed for 5 min (simulating daily oral care) or 2 h, 0.5% FMO exhibited greater biocompatibility with L929 cells compared to toothpaste and peroxide-based agents. These findings suggest that FMO may serve as a natural candidate for dual-function oral care; however, further in vivo and clinical investigations are needed to validate its potential use within oral care treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T12:31:26Z","timestamp":1755865886000},"page":"8157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnolia figo Extract Induces Enamel Shade Recovery and Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilm Formation: An In Vitro, Dual-Action Natural Therapeutic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chun-Sheng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Fethiann Molecule Applied Co., Ltd., Hsinchu Science Park, Yilan 260011, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Wen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4575-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Man","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Chieh","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8967-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan-Jae","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Heupt, L.K., Wiesmann-Imilowski, N., Kaya, S., Schumann, S., Steiger, M., Bjelopavlovic, M., Deschner, J., Al-Nawas, B., and Lehmann, K.M. 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