{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1781804362008,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200110"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the leading cause of global mortality, cardiovascular diseases demand improved and innovative strategies for early detection and risk assessment to enhance prevention and timely treatment. This comprehensive review examines the potential of combining high-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTns) and homocysteine (Hcy) as complementary biomarkers for enhanced cardiovascular risk prediction. hs-cTn assays have revolutionized cardiovascular diagnostics by enabling the detection of minimal myocardial injury, improving early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, and providing robust prognostic information in both symptomatic and asymptomatic populations. Hcy, while established as a marker of vascular dysfunction, presents an interpretative challenge due to multiple confounding factors and inconsistent therapeutic responses. Emerging evidence demonstrates significant correlations between elevated Hcy and troponins across various clinical conditions, suggesting that their combined assessment\u2014reflecting both myocardial injury and vascular dysfunction\u2014may improve cardiovascular risk stratification. While initial findings are promising, additional studies are required to validate the clinical value of the combined marker approach. Future development of personalized interpretation algorithms, and multi-marker panels incorporating these biomarkers, may significantly advance cardiovascular medicine and enable more effective population-specific risk management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"8186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High-Sensitivity Troponins and Homocysteine: Combined Biomarkers for Better Prediction of Cardiovascular Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Djuric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physiology \u201cRichard Burian\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7900-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorislava","family":"Bajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8448-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Radisavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physiology \u201cRichard Burian\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-1338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Sobot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavica","family":"Mutavdzin Krneta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physiology \u201cRichard Burian\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0890-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6643-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranko","family":"Skrbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Pathologic Physiology, I.M. 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