{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:32:42Z","timestamp":1779399162613,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases, which are among the most common diseases of the population and among the leading causes of death, are a constant topic of many research centers. A deeper understanding of their pathogenesis may contribute to the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Recently, the role of myokines\u2014a group of cytokines secreted mainly by muscle cells\u2014has been increasingly emphasized in the development of these diseases. Both their excess and deficiency can cause undesirable effects that are involved in the pathomechanism of these diseases. In this review, we focus on the latest studies on the role of myonectin, irisin, musclin, follistatin-like1 (FSTL1), dermcidin, apelin, and myostatin in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, heart attack, heart failure, and hypertension. In particular, we look at myostatin and irisin in the context of the development of heart failure and decreased levels of apelin with higher cardiovascular risk in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"8194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Role of Selected Myokines in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Their Involvement in Developing Heart Failure in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4216-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Wojska Polskiego 30, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4498-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Wojska Polskiego 30, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Ja\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Micha\u0142a Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4746-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalina","family":"Knapik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Wojska Polskiego 30, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krajewska-W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Al. Wojska Polskiego 30, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644631","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6644631","article-title":"Myokines and Heart Failure: Challenging Role in Adverse Cardiac Remodeling, Myopathy, and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"2021","author":"Berezin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25","article-title":"Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Ziaeian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa016","article-title":"Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines","volume":"41","author":"Severinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. 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