{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:30Z","timestamp":1787028570199,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNR-DISBA project \u2018NutrAge\u2019","award":["7022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7022"]}]},{"name":"CNR-DISBA project \u2018NutrAge\u2019","award":["DBA.AD003.139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBA.AD003.139"]}]},{"name":"CNR project FOE-2019","award":["7022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7022"]}]},{"name":"CNR project FOE-2019","award":["DBA.AD003.139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBA.AD003.139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomolecular condensates (BCs), formed through liquid\u2013liquid phase separation (LLPS), are membraneless compartments that dynamically regulate key cellular processes. Beyond their canonical roles in energy metabolism and apoptosis, Mitochondria harbor distinct BCs, including mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs), nucleoids, and degradasomes, that coordinate RNA processing, genome maintenance, and protein homeostasis. These structures rely heavily on proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which facilitate the transient and multivalent interactions necessary for LLPS. In this review, we explore the composition and function of mitochondrial BCs and their emerging involvement in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington\u2019s disease. We provide computational evidence identifying IDR-containing proteins within the mitochondrial proteome and demonstrate their enrichment in BC-related functions. Many of these proteins are also implicated in mitochondrial stress responses, apoptosis, and pathways associated with neurodegeneration. Moreover, the evolutionary conservation of phase-separating proteins from bacteria to mitochondria underscores the ancient origin of LLPS-mediated compartmentalization. Comparative analysis reveals functional parallels between mitochondrial and prokaryotic IDPs, supporting the use of bacterial models to study mitochondrial condensates. Overall, this review underscores the critical role of mitochondrial BCs in health and disease and highlights the potential of targeting LLPS mechanisms in the development of therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"8216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Perspective on the Role of Mitochondrial Biomolecular Condensates (mtBCs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Evolutionary Links to Bacterial BCs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Calcagnile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Alifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7828-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Damiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Pontieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Igiene, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse-UOS Napoli-CNR c\/o Dipartimento di Biologia, 80134 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Igiene, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse-UOS Napoli-CNR c\/o Dipartimento di Biologia, 80134 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100049","article-title":"Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Fundamental Physical Principles, Biological Implications, and Applications in Supramolecular Materials Engineering","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Supramol. 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