{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:57:24Z","timestamp":1788411444902,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open access funding","award":["SUBZ.L010.25.053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.L010.25.053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is marked by emotional dysregulation, instability in self-image and relationships, and high impulsivity. While functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided valuable insights into the disorder\u2019s neural correlates, electroencephalography (EEG) may capture real-time brain activity changes relevant to BPD\u2019s rapid emotional shifts. This review summarizes findings from studies investigating resting state and task-based EEG in individuals with BPD, highlighting common neurophysiological markers and their clinical implications. A targeted literature search (1980\u20132025) was conducted across databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane. The search terms combined \u201cEEG\u201d or \u201celectroencephalography\u201d with \u201cborderline personality disorder\u201d or \u201cBPD\u201d. Clinical trials and case reports published in English were included if they recorded and analyzed EEG activity in BPD. A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that individuals with BPD often show patterns consistent with chronic hyperarousal (e.g., reduced alpha power and increased slow-wave activity) and difficulties shifting between vigilance states. Studies examining frontal EEG asymmetry reported varying results\u2014some linked left-frontal activity to heightened hostility, while others found correlations between right-frontal shifts and dissociation. Childhood trauma, mentalization deficits, and dissociative symptoms were frequently predicted or correlated with EEG anomalies, underscoring the impact of adverse experiences on neural regulation\u2014however, substantial heterogeneity in methods, small sample sizes, and comorbid conditions limited study comparability. Overall, EEG research supports the notion of altered arousal and emotion regulation circuits in BPD. While no single EEG marker uniformly defines the disorder, patterns such as reduced alpha power, increased theta\/delta activity, and shifting frontal asymmetries converge with core BPD features of emotional lability and interpersonal hypersensitivity. More extensive, standardized, and multimodal investigations are needed to establish more reliable EEG biomarkers and elucidate how early trauma and dissociation shape BPD\u2019s neurophysiological profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"8230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neural Correlates of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Based on Electroencephalogram (EEG)\u2014A Mechanistic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5320-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Chmiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, Institute of Neurofeedback and tDCS Poland, 70-393 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donata","family":"Kurpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 51-618 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21156","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder: A comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies","volume":"23","author":"Leichsenring","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0404","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: Results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"69","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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