{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:19:06Z","timestamp":1790824746691,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Menopause is a natural and inevitable part of life for women, leading to many physical and psychological changes accompanied by declining estrogen levels. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumin, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, on postmenopausal outcomes in women. This comprehensive analysis of RCTs (randomized controlled trials) published in the last decade was selected through a search of PubMed, Wiley, Scopus, and Web of Science (PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42024549735). Study selection and data extraction were performed using exclusion and inclusion criteria according to the PICOS framework (P: Population, I: Intervention, C: Comparison, O: Outcomes, S: Study designs). Of the twelve studies that met the criteria, 11 had a low-risk bias, but reports were conflicting on serum estradiol levels, bone density markers, and vasomotor symptoms; no significant effects on physical, psychological, or sexual functions were observed. For cardiometabolic biomarkers, short-term curcumin intake showed no significant effects, while long-term interventions using bioavailable forms of curcumin showed improvements in serum fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance), and lipid parameters. There are a limited number of studies examining the effect of curcumin intake on menopause-related outcomes. While overdose has been observed in some studies attempting to restore estradiol levels, no significant effects have been observed. However, curcumin intake impacts postmenopausal symptoms (e.g., improving symptoms of osteoporosis) through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Different forms and doses, combinations, and durations of interventions may influence outcomes. Better-designed studies are needed to understand the potential effects of curcumin intake during menopause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"8260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Curcumin on Postmenopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review Based on Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0545-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buket","family":"Akyakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130rem Nur","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, \u0130stanbul Beykent University, \u0130stanbul 34398, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0010-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duygu","family":"A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Sz\u00e9p","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferenc","family":"Bud\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, June 21). Menopause. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/menopause."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28550","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: An inflammatory tale","volume":"116","author":"Weitzmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/2053369117749675","article-title":"Menopause and cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Newson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Post Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00676-9","article-title":"The role of estrogens in female lower urinary tract dysfunction","volume":"62","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2018.07.008","article-title":"Effects of estrogens on central nervous system neurotransmission: Implications for sex differences in mental disorders","volume":"160","author":"Krolick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095557","article-title":"Estrogen, stress, and depression: Cognitive and biological interactions","volume":"15","author":"Albert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001058","article-title":"Management of menopausal symptoms","volume":"126","author":"Kaunitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"884","article-title":"Hormone therapy and other treatments for symptoms of menopause","volume":"94","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2023.101819","article-title":"Non-oestrogen-based and complementary therapies for menopause","volume":"38","author":"Talaulikar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ige, A.B., Ogunlakin, A.D., and Sonibare, M.A. (2024). Antioxidant and ameliorative effects of selected Nigerian plants on hormonal imbalance associated with dysmenorrhea in albino rats. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1635080"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000058147.24036.B0","article-title":"Systematic review of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Huntley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6232","article-title":"Involvement of the serotonergic system and neuroplasticity in the antidepressant effect of curcumin in ovariectomized rats: Comparison with oestradiol and fluoxetine","volume":"33","author":"Georgy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.10.018","article-title":"Efficacy of an orally administered combination of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, curcumin and quercetin for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women","volume":"207","author":"Torella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.G., Chen, Y.J., Xiang, L.H., Wang, Z., Xiao, G.G., and Hu, J.Q. (2017). Effect of curcumin on the diversity of gut microbiota in ovariectomized rats. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101146"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-012-9432-8","article-title":"Therapeutic roles of curcumin: Lessons learned from clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewlings, S.J., and Kalman, D.S. (2017). Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6100092"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, J., Rayess, Y.E., Rizk, A.A., Sadaka, C., Zgheib, R., Zam, W., Sestito, S., Rapposelli, S., Neffe-Skoci\u0144ska, K., and Zieli\u0144ska, D. (2020). Turmeric and its major compound curcumin on health: Bioactive effects and safety profiles for food, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and medicinal applications. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01021"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Jiang, S.-C., Zhang, Z.-W., Fu, Y.-F., Yang, X.-Y., Li, Z.-L., and Hu, J. (2023). Rethinking of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Lysosomal overloading and dietary therapy. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1130658"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO05122F","article-title":"Combined supplementation with hesperidin, phytosterols and curcumin decreases adiposity and improves metabolic health in ovariectomized rats","volume":"15","author":"Baudin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5719291","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5719291","article-title":"Curcumin supplementation decreases intestinal adiposity accumulation, serum cholesterol alterations, and oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats","volume":"2016","author":"Morrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1159\/000457945","article-title":"Attenuation of oxidative stress-induced osteoblast apoptosis by curcumin is associated with preservation of mitochondrial functions and increased Akt-GSK3\u03b2 signaling","volume":"41","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110637","article-title":"Curcumin-activated autophagy plays a negative role in its anti-osteoclastogenic effect","volume":"500","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.03.010","article-title":"Oral administration of curcumin relieves behavioral alterations and oxidative stress in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of ovariectomized Wistar rats","volume":"32","author":"Morrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13427","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effect of curcumin on catecholamine systems and inflammatory cytokines in ovariectomized female rats","volume":"48","author":"Saied","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.34172\/jcs.2023.31875","article-title":"The efficacy of Nigella sativa L. and curcumin nanomicelle alone or together on lipid profile, glycemic control indices, and serum 17-\u03b2 estradiol in postmenopausal women","volume":"12","author":"Sadeghzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00975","article-title":"The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin: Miniperspective","volume":"60","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957450","article-title":"Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers","volume":"64","author":"Shoba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3197-8","article-title":"Association between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.12.005","article-title":"Expression profile and pathophysiological role of osteopontin","volume":"16","author":"Rangaswami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.05.009","article-title":"Structural disorder in proteins brings order to crystal growth in biomineralization","volume":"51","author":"Kalmar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2008.08.001","article-title":"Osteopontin: Role in immune regulation and stress responses","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/14017430510035862","article-title":"The association of total antioxidant capacity with sex hormones","volume":"39","author":"Demirbag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"439","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: Clinical importance","volume":"29","author":"Bassuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino de Paz, N., Quevedo-Abeledo, J.C., G\u00f3mez-Bernal, F., de Vera-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Abreu-Gonz\u00e1lez, P., Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay, M.\u00c1., and Ferraz-Amaro, I. (2024). Malondialdehyde serum levels in a full characterized series of 430 rheumatoid arthritis patients. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030901"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i10.1622","article-title":"Estrogens and the regulation of glucose metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Alemany","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2021.1901739","article-title":"Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8467","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on postmenopausal women\u2019s health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aimed.2024.03.002","article-title":"Effect of curcumin and\/or Nigella sativa on bone density and quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia","volume":"11","author":"Usefian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-023-07223-4","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of nanoemulsion curcumin in women with aromatase inhibitor-induced arthropathy: An Alliance\/NCORP pilot trial","volume":"205","author":"Lustberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2023.100746","article-title":"The effect of ginger and curcumin co-supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Salekzamani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effects of Nigella sativa and curcumin supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers in postmenopausal women with primary osteoporosis or osteopenia: A triple-blind factorial randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Iranshahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs. Midwifery Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1371059","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of curcumin and vitamin E on inflammatory-oxidative stress biomarkers and primary symptoms of menopause in healthy postmenopausal women: A triple-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"2022","author":"Ostadrahimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2674","article-title":"Efficacy of nanomicelle curcumin, Nigella sativa oil, and their combination on bone turnover markers and their safety in postmenopausal women with primary osteoporosis and osteopenia: A triple-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Kheiridoost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed Nasef, N., Thota, R.N., Mutukumira, A.N., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K., Dickens, M., Gopal, P., Singh, H., and Garg, M.L. (2022). Bioactive yoghurt containing curcumin and chlorogenic acid reduces inflammation in postmenopausal women. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214619"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2022.2117815","article-title":"Curcumin and vitamin E improve hot flashes, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose without any detrimental effect on the liver and renal function in postmenopausal women: A triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Oskouei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6216","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7259","article-title":"The effect of nanomicelle curcumin supplementation and Nigella sativa oil on the expression level of miRNA-21, miRNA-422a, and miRNA-503 gene in postmenopausal women with low bone mass density: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with factorial design","volume":"35","author":"Farajnia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"102269","article-title":"The effect of oral capsule of curcumin and vitamin E on hot flashes and anxiety in postmenopausal women: A triple blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Ostadrahimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000060","article-title":"Combination therapy of curcumin and alendronate modulates bone turnover markers and enhances bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"62","author":"Khanizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2017). Chapter 3: Systematic reviews of effectiveness. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual, The Joanna Briggs Institute. Available online: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2014.46.1.2","article-title":"Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: The golden pigment from golden spice","volume":"46","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2895","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.03.081","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on bone loss and biochemical markers of bone turnover in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"114","author":"Hatefi","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12980","article-title":"Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental insults: Regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell survival","volume":"107","author":"Denhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals4040031","article-title":"Potential applications of the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antioxidant health-promoting properties of curcumin: A critical review","volume":"4","author":"Rapti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Zheng, J., Hu, C., He, J., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Wang, Y., Li, H., Ge, R.S., and Tang, Y. (2025). Cyclocurcumin potently inhibits human aromatase as a potential therapeutic agent. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2024.106672"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00261.x","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to the inhibition of LDL-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells","volume":"157","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16069","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.69","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"2","author":"Eastell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteo-protective effect of curcumin, fenugreek and their combination on ovariectomized female rats","volume":"49","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2017.2372","article-title":"Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles potentiate the protective effect of curcumin against bone loss in ovariectomized rats","volume":"13","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oka, S., Li, X., Zhang, F., Tewari, N., Ma, R., Zhong, L., Makishima, M., Liu, Y., and Bhawal, U.K. (2021). MicroRNA-21 facilitates osteoblast activity. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2020.100894"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-021-00873-5","article-title":"A systematic review of miRNAs as biomarkers in osteoporosis disease","volume":"20","author":"Hasanzad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12346","article-title":"Curcumin regulates EZH2\/Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin pathway in the mandible and femur of ovariectomized osteoporosis rats","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra, P.S., Herrman, H., Fisher, J., and Riecher-R\u00f6ssler, A. (2020). Menopause and mental health. Mental Health and Illness of Women, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0371-4"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Cao, X., Hu, X., Li, S., and Wang, J. (2020). The anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00440-3"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e06936","article-title":"Safety of tetrahydrocurcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015\/2283","volume":"19","author":"Turck","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2024, June 19). Spices, Turmeric, Ground, Available online: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/fdc-app.html#\/food-details\/172231\/measures."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lao, C.D., Ruffin, M.T., Normolle, D., Heath, D.D., Murray, S.I., Bailey, J.M., Boggs, M.E., Crowell, J., Rock, C.L., and Brenner, D.E. (2006). Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-10"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansouri, K., Rasoulpoor, S., Daneshkhah, A., Abolfathi, S., Salari, N., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., and Shabani, S. (2020). Clinical effects of curcumin in enhancing cancer therapy: A systematic review. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07256-8"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, B.B., Surh, Y.J., and Shishodia, S. (2007). Regulation of COX and LOX by curcumin. The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2006.09.006","article-title":"Gene-expression profiling during curcumin-induced apoptosis reveals downregulation of CXCR4","volume":"35","author":"Skommer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00183-X","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: Down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"480","author":"Surh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20333","article-title":"Inhibition of growth and survival of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by curcumin via modulation of nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling","volume":"111","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"315","article-title":"A pilot study of the antioxidant effect of curcumin in tropical pancreatitis","volume":"122","author":"Durgaprasad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0450-y","article-title":"Specific or not specific recruitment of DNMTs for DNA methylation, an epigenetic dilemma","volume":"10","author":"Hervouet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Liu, J., He, L., Liu, L., Cheng, B., Zhou, F., Cao, D., and He, Y.A. (2022). A comprehensive review on the benefits and problems of curcumin with respect to human health. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144400"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.308","article-title":"Phosphorylation of RelA\/p65 promotes DNMT-1 recruitment to chromatin and represses transcription of the tumor metastasis suppressor gene BRMS1","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533033819870781","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819870781","article-title":"Curcumin regulates the progression of colorectal cancer via LncRNA NBR2\/AMPK pathway","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:32:53Z","timestamp":1760034773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26178260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26178260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}