{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:27:05Z","timestamp":1792016825864,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation Key International Cooperative Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W2411086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2411086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation Key International Cooperative Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JC-QYXQ-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-QYXQ-045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation Key International Cooperative Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YF-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YF-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["W2411086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2411086"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2025JC-QYXQ-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-QYXQ-045"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2025YF-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YF-04"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["W2411086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2411086"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2025JC-QYXQ-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-QYXQ-045"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2025YF-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YF-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) has emerged as a global health threat that demands early detection to seize the optimal intervention opportunity. Central nervous system (CNS)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid-bilayer nanoparticles released by CNS cells, carry key biomolecules involved in AD pathology, positioning them as a promising source of biomarkers for early detection. Current breakthroughs in EV-based isolation and detection technologies have opened up the possibility of early, accurate AD diagnosis. This review summarizes their multifaceted roles in AD pathogenesis, including amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) aggregation, tau propagation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, and highlights neuron- and glia-derived EV biomarkers with translational potential. We further outline recent advances in EV isolation techniques\u2014including density-, size-, charge\/dielectric-, immunoaffinity-, and acoustics-based approaches\u2014and emerging detection platforms such as fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical, and nanomechanical sensors for sensitive, multiplex AD diagnostics. Finally, we discuss key challenges, including standardization, sensitivity, and high-throughput adaptation, and explore future directions such as automated microfluidics and single-vesicle analysis. CNS-derived EVs hold significant promise as minimally invasive, next-generation tools for early AD detection and precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"8272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Central Nervous System-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yiru","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2024). 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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