{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:10Z","timestamp":1760060410287,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multicenter molecular biomarker survey was conducted in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) centers across Central-Eastern European countries, encompassing a population of 107 million. Our aim was to provide a \u201csnapshot\u201d for future studies investigating the use of molecular biomarkers in MS. A self-report questionnaire was distributed via email to MS centers in seven Central-Eastern European countries (Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia) and to four reference centers (two in Austria, one in Germany, and one in Denmark), focusing on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and molecular biomarkers in MS. Responding centers routinely request CSF oligoclonal band (OCB) testing in suspected MS cases, although no consensus exists on the number of CSF-restricted bands required to define OCB positivity, either within or between countries. More than half of the surveyed centers in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the reference centers request kappa free light chain (\u03baFLC) testing in patients with suspected MS. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is frequently used as a molecular biomarker for MS in Romania, Slovakia, and the reference centers. In summary, besides the use of CSF-specific OCB there is no consensus among the surveyed countries regarding the use of molecular biomarkers in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"8274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-World Laboratory Analysis of Molecular Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis Centers in Central-Eastern European Countries Covering 107 Million Inhabitants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anett","family":"J\u00e1rd\u00e1nh\u00e1zy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18\u201320, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences & Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18\u201320, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Hegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Christoph-Probst-Platz 1, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-6784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Munich Cluster for System Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Bartosik-Psujek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 1A Warzywna Street, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanja Basic","family":"Kes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Sestre Milosrdnice, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9650-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Berthele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Drulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Dr Subotica 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Habek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Ki\u0161pati\u0107eva Ulica 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1915-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Horakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Kate\u0159insk\u00e1 30, Praha 2, 128 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alenka Horvat","family":"Ledinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka Cesta 2a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva Kubala","family":"Havrdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Kate\u0159insk\u00e1 30, Praha 2, 128 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Magyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 DK, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Tiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 169, Sector 5, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Turcani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Mickiewiczova 13, 813 69 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Bencsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsigmond Tam\u00e1s","family":"Kincses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"V\u00e9csei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis Street 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117471","article-title":"Biochemical biomarkers for multiple sclerosis","volume":"548","author":"Mugueta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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