{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:22:32Z","timestamp":1790461352698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2023R1A2C1007756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1007756"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2023R1A2C1007756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1007756"]}]},{"name":"Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund","award":["2023R1A2C1007756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1007756"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiology and pathophysiology of allergic diseases remain incompletely understood. Current immunological paradigms, while insightful, often fall short in fully elucidating the mechanisms underlying allergic and autoimmune disorders. Under the protein\u2013homeostasis\u2013system (PHS) hypothesis, allergic diseases have etiological substances, and immune reactions against them are responsible for clinical manifestations of allergic diseases. The etiological substances are mainly external in origin and very small with each biochemical property and react to target cells in various organ tissues. Eosinophils, mast cells, and immunoglobulin Es as major immune effectors in allergic diseases control toxic substances according to the chemical or biochemical properties of these substances. Mast cells in the central nervous system may be associated with allergic episodes through connection to peripheral mast cells, and this connection is proposed as the mast cell-associated network. The toxic and\/or bioactive proteins\/peptides and other non-protein substances, which are derived from injured cells caused by allergic reactions, induce activation of adaptive and innate immune components for controlling the substances. New insights into the etiology and pathophysiology of allergic diseases are introduced with the PHS hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:01:01Z","timestamp":1756454461000},"page":"8358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Unified Pathogenesis of Allergic Diseases; The Protein\u2013Homeostasis\u2013System Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younhee","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin City 17035, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Junglock Biomedical Institute, Deajeon 34886, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Yil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junglock Biomedical Institute, Deajeon 34886, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Jin, Y.J., Wang, C.H., Feng, C., Lai, X.Y., Hua, S.Q., and Tai, J.H. (2025). Global, regional, and national epidemiology of allergic diseases in children from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. BMC Pulm. Med., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03518-y"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103326","article-title":"Global burden and cross-country inequalities in autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2016.1114417","article-title":"Is asthma prevalence still increasing?","volume":"10","author":"Backman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2011.06.001","article-title":"Outline of a concept for organismic systems biology","volume":"21","author":"Rosslenbroich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.2.262","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: Laboratory findings and an immunopathogenesis on the premise of a \u201cprotein homeostasis system\u201d","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2015.47.1.12","article-title":"A common immunopathogenesis mechanism for infectious diseases: The protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.2017.36.2.132","article-title":"A unified pathogenesis for kidney diseases, including genetic diseases and cancers, by the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.08.032","article-title":"Hyperactive immune cells (T cells) may be responsible for acute lung injury in influenza virus infections: A need for early immune-modulators for severe cases","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00759","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and early immunomodulators","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.01270","article-title":"Etiological and pathophysiological enigmas of severe coronavirus disease 2019, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease","volume":"65","author":"Rhim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.Y. (2017). Pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Early Immune-Modulator Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020388"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.Y. (2022). Common immunopathogenesis of central nervous system diseases: The protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis. Cell Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00920-5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhim, J.W., and Lee, K.Y. (2024). An Alternate Perspective on Cancer Immunology: The Protein-Homeostasis-System Hypothesis. Preprints.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.0695.v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-022-01428-1","article-title":"Asthma history, current situation, an overview of its control history, challenges, and ongoing management programs: An updated review","volume":"93","author":"Kapri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0508-y","article-title":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes in children: Epidemiology and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Pulgaron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Fanu, J. (1999). The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, Little, Brown & Co.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)75559-8"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"321","article-title":"Vis Medicatrix Natur\u00e6: Inaugural Address at the Annual Meeting of the Bath and Bristol Branch of the British Medical Association, 26 May 1909","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"1909","journal-title":"Bristol. Med. Chir. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2319605121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319605121","article-title":"The germ theory revisited: A noncentric view on infection outcome","volume":"121","author":"Carlsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.10.008","article-title":"Some early trends in immunology","volume":"25","author":"Doherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"231","article-title":"Immunology and allergy: The twins","volume":"1","author":"Debelic","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12174","article-title":"The history of the idea of allergy","volume":"68","author":"Igea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"376","article-title":"Clemens von Pirquet: A remarkable life and career","volume":"6","author":"Shulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2010.10.016","article-title":"Imagining \u2018reactivity\u2019: Allergy within the history of immunology","volume":"41","author":"Jamieson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stud. Hist. Philos. Biol. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000358500","article-title":"Terminology of allergic phenomena","volume":"100","author":"Ring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Immunol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"313","article-title":"IgE and mechanisms of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity","volume":"48","author":"Ishizaka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.01.001","article-title":"The discovery of immunoglobulin E","volume":"171","author":"Ribatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12506","article-title":"Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma: The past, present and yet to come","volume":"45","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2016.08.006","article-title":"Food allergy: Past, present and future","volume":"65","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093830","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics of defense systems in Archaea and Bacteria","volume":"71","author":"Koonin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-013-9302-2","article-title":"Plant innate immunity: An updated insight into defense mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Muthamilarasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, D., and Eleftherianos, I. (2017). Memory and specificity in the insect immune system: Current perspectives and future challenges. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00539"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000539278","article-title":"Pattern-recognition receptors and immunometabolic reprogramming: What we know and what to explore","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00633-5","article-title":"Trained immunity\u2014Basic concepts and contributions to immunopathology","volume":"19","author":"Ochando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.10.015","article-title":"Trained immunity: Target for prophylaxis and therapy","volume":"31","author":"Ziogas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"299","article-title":"Re-framing the theory of autoimmunity in the era of the microbiome: Persistent pathogens, auto-antibodies, and molecular mimicry","volume":"25","author":"Proal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v5.i2.31","article-title":"Cross-reactivity between aeroallergens and food allergens","volume":"5","author":"Popescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, N., Farnell, E.J., Fitzsimmons, C.M., Ryan, S., Tukahebwa, E., Maizels, R.M., Dunne, D.W., Thornton, J.M., and Furnham, N. (2015). Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: Allergy, the price of immunity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004546"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.041","article-title":"Human anti-fungal Th17 immunity and pathology rely on cross-reactivity against Candida albicans","volume":"176","author":"Bacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kuhn, T.S. (1999). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The University of Chicago Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071059","article-title":"The danger model: A renewed sense of self","volume":"296","author":"Matzinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01471-y","article-title":"T cells in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14763","article-title":"Regulatory B cells, A to Z","volume":"76","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3089.2000.00061.x","article-title":"Natural antibodies and the host immune responses to xenografts","volume":"7","author":"Cramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12910","article-title":"Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity","volume":"154","author":"Funes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihele, D.M., Nistor, P.A., Bruma, G., Mitran, C.I., Mitran, M.I., Condrat, C.E., Tovaru, M., Tampa, M., and Georgescu, S.R. (2023). Mast cell activation syndrome update\u2014A dermatological perspective. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071116"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0009-3","article-title":"An early history of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Golstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-01014-w","article-title":"NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy: From basic biology to clinical development","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1102-991","article-title":"Cancer immunoediting: From immunosurveillance to tumor escape","volume":"3","author":"Dunn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2024.106870","article-title":"The Th1\/Th2 paradigm: A misrepresentation of helper T cell plasticity","volume":"268","author":"Rogozynski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115658","article-title":"How TCRs bind MHCs, peptides, and coreceptors","volume":"24","author":"Rudolph","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.99257","article-title":"Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in periodontal and systemic interlink","volume":"16","author":"Akshata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1953.00710040173005","article-title":"Sinusitis as focus of infection in uveitis, keratitis, and retrobulbar neuritis","volume":"58","author":"Weille","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konkel, J.E., O\u2019Boyle, C., and Krishnan, S. (2019). Distal consequences of oral inflammation. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01403"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.9.396","article-title":"Outbreaks of mumps: An observational study over two decades in a single hospital in Korea","volume":"57","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yee, K.T., Pitts, M., Tongyoo, P., Rojnuckarin, P., and Wilkinson, M.C. (2016). Snake venom metalloproteinases and their peptide inhibitors from Myanmar Russell\u2019s viper venom. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010015"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, A., Ali, S.A., Akrem, A., and Betzel, C. (2018). Snake venom peptides: Tools of biodiscovery. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110474"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3904","article-title":"Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination deficiencies","volume":"14","author":"Durandy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13380","article-title":"Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in allergy: Targeting IgE, cytokine, and alarmin pathways","volume":"328","author":"Eggel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2013.791278","article-title":"Can you vaccinate against substance abuse?","volume":"13","author":"Kosten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satoh, M., Tanaka, S., and Chan, E.K. (2015). The uses and misuses of multiplex autoantibody assays in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00181"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.12.029","article-title":"La-boratory evaluation of anti-dsDNA antibodies","volume":"528","author":"Cockx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/10408360701295623","article-title":"Anti-citrulline antibodies in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis: Evolving concepts","volume":"44","author":"Raptopoulou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"80","article-title":"Vitamin D antibodies in systemic sclerosis patients: Findings and clinical correlations","volume":"17","author":"Carmel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11047","article-title":"Allergic host defences","volume":"484","author":"Palm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.07.001","article-title":"Testing the \u2018toxin hypothesis of allergy\u2019: Mast cells, IgE, and innate and acquired immune responses to venoms","volume":"36","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8.239","article-title":"Long term persistence of IgE anti-influenza virus antibodies in pediatric and adult serum post vaccination with influenza virus vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.003","article-title":"Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management","volume":"141","author":"Sicherer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-023-01100-2","article-title":"Role of small molecule ligands in IgE-mediated allergy","volume":"23","author":"Khatri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(90)90048-9","article-title":"Comparison between RAST and Pharmacia CAP system: A new automated specific IgE assay","volume":"85","author":"Bousquet","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20191206-01","article-title":"Food allergy: A review","volume":"49","author":"Seth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7201","article-title":"Translocation of a gut pathobiont drives autoimmunity in mice and humans","volume":"359","author":"Hiltensperger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2014.6.6.478","article-title":"The effects of environmental toxins on allergic inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000352","article-title":"Occupational asthma: Diagnostic challenges and management dilemmas","volume":"23","author":"Trivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Developmental Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics","volume":"58","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300000235","article-title":"\u201cDivine stramonium\u201d: The rise and fall of smoking for asthma","volume":"54","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hist."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayaraj, G.G., Hipp, M.S., and Hartl, F.U. (2020). Functional modules of the proteostasis network. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033951"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.04.011","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G has a role for systemic protein modulation in vivo: A new concept of protein homeostasis","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02431-y","article-title":"Protein clearance strategies for disease intervention","volume":"129","author":"Hommen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morozov, A.V., and Karpov, V.L. (2019). Proteasomes and several aspects of their heterogeneity relevant to cancer. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00761"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2021.04.003","article-title":"The proteasome and its role in the nervous system","volume":"28","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta, S., Yang, C., Castro, L.M., Tashima, A.K., Ferro, E.S., Moir, R.D., Willis, I.M., and Fricker, L.D. (2016). Analysis of the yeast pep-tidome and comparison with the human peptidome. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163312"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyapina, I., Ivanov, V., and Fesenko, I. (2021). Peptidome: Chaos or inevitability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313128"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4161\/self.1.4.13315","article-title":"No human protein is exempt from bacterial motifs, not even one","volume":"1","author":"Trost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self Nonself"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023603","article-title":"Proteasome inhibitor drugs","volume":"60","author":"Fricker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15089","article-title":"Advances and highlights in biomarkers of allergic diseases","volume":"76","author":"Ogulur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418801083","article-title":"Role of superantigens in allergic inflammation: Their relationship to allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Muluk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2190661","article-title":"The effect of mitogenic lectins and monoclonal antibodies on intracellular free calcium concentration in human T-lymphocytes","volume":"219","author":"Linch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3754-8_3","article-title":"T cell subsets and immune homeostasis","volume":"2782","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.03.019","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and atopy: Is there a common link?","volume":"54","author":"Shimada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01904.x","article-title":"IgE anti-Borrelia burgdorferi components (p18, p31, p34, p41, p45, p60) and increased blood CD8\u207aCD60\u207a T cells in children with Lyme disease","volume":"65","author":"Bluth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer, M., Altrichter, S., Schmetzer, O., Scheffel, J., Church, M.K., and Metz, M. (2018). Immunoglobulin E-mediated autoimmunity. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00689"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2014.35.3734","article-title":"Selective IgE deficiency, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"Magen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.07.006","article-title":"Increased malignancy incidence in IgE deficient patients not due to concomitant common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"119","author":"Ferastraoaru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eguiluz-Gracia, I., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, N., Bogas, G., Campo, P., and Rond\u00f3n, C. (2019). How to diagnose and treat local allergic rhinitis: A challenge for clinicians. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071062"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.07.038","article-title":"On the role of IgG4 in inflammatory conditions: Lessons for IgG4-related disease","volume":"1864","author":"Trampert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206405","article-title":"Increased IgG4 responses to multiple food and animal antigens indicate a polyclonal expansion and differentiation of pre-existing B cells in IgG4-related disease","volume":"74","author":"Culver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2018","article-title":"The neutrophil\u2019s role during health and disease","volume":"99","author":"Liew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3341","article-title":"Eosinophils: Changing perspectives in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poto, R., Loffredo, S., Marone, G., Di Salvatore, A., de Paulis, A., Schroeder, J.T., and Varricchi, G. (2023). Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1190034"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12639","article-title":"Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation","volume":"282","author":"Kabashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700531","article-title":"The wound healing process: An overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Velnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodrow, J.S., Sheats, M.K., Cooper, B., and Bayless, R. (2023). Asthma: The use of animal models and their translational utility. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071091"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.039","article-title":"Kinetics of mast cell, basophil, and oral food challenge responses in omalizumab-treated adults with peanut allergy","volume":"130","author":"Savage","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14747","article-title":"Basophil activation test: Mechanisms and considerations for use in clinical trials and clinical practice","volume":"76","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66740-4_5","article-title":"The eosinophil and its role in immunity to helminth infection","volume":"77","author":"Butterworth","year":"1977","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.5.2022.036","article-title":"Loeffler\u2019s syndrome and multifocal cutaneous larva migrans: Case report of an uncommon occurrence and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Sil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26650","article-title":"Eosinophilic plastic bronchitis: Case series and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Gipsman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marasco, G., Visaggi, P., Vassallo, M., Fiocca, M., Cremon, C., Barbaro, M.R., De Bortoli, N., Bellini, M., Stanghellini, V., and Savarino, E.V. (2023). Current and Novel Therapies for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015165"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000537","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis during sublingual and oral allergen immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Cafone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.001","article-title":"Mast cells in neuroinflammation and brain disorders","volume":"79","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2016.07.003","article-title":"Mast cells as effector cells of innate immunity and regulators of adaptive immunity","volume":"178","author":"Cardamone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5837fje","article-title":"Mast cells are required for normal healing of skin wounds in mice","volume":"20","author":"Weller","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00105.x","article-title":"The mast cell: An evolutionary perspective","volume":"85","author":"Crivellato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1159\/000527481","article-title":"Allergy, anaphylaxis, and nonallergic hypersensitivity: IgE, mast cells, and beyond","volume":"31","author":"Vitte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1366.025","article-title":"The critical role of mast cells in allergy and inflammation","volume":"1088","author":"Theoharides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3ralczyk-Bi\u0144kowska, A., Szmajda-Krygier, D., and Koz\u0142owska, E. (2022). The microbiota-gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911245"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642912","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1642912","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders are associated with a central immune activation","volume":"2017","author":"Farup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2010.09.009","article-title":"Stress and allergic diseases","volume":"31","author":"Dave","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7028","article-title":"Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent autoimmune disease","volume":"319","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.02.005","article-title":"Avoidance behavior and neural correlates of allergen exposure in a murine model of asthma","volume":"19","author":"Basso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.00983.x","article-title":"Pollen-specific immunoglobulin E positivity is associated with worsening of depression scores in bipolar disorder patients during high pollen season","volume":"14","author":"Manalai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.07.013","article-title":"Perceived stress predicts allergy flares","volume":"112","author":"Patterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13375","article-title":"Sensory sentinels: Neuroimmune detection and food allergy","volume":"326","author":"Matatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29069","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226151","article-title":"Mast cell-mediated mechanisms of nociception","volume":"16","author":"Aich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.05.025","article-title":"Mast cell activation syndrome: Current understanding and research needs","volume":"154","author":"Castells","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1409760","article-title":"Mast cells, mastocytosis, and related disorders","volume":"373","author":"Theoharides","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, M.K., Nair, A., and Gupta, M. (2019). Mast cells in neurodegenerative disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00171"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246126","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/246126","article-title":"Mast cell and autoimmune diseases","volume":"2015","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.12.001","article-title":"The nature and power of the placebo effect","volume":"59","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2012.02.007","article-title":"Phantom phenomena\u2014Their perceived qualities and consequences from the patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"3","author":"Lund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0766-0","article-title":"Pavlov\u2019s pain: The effect of classical conditioning on pain perception and its clinical implications","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11231-005-3624-2","article-title":"Beyond secondary gain","volume":"65","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychoanal."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.6.1383","article-title":"Leu-kocytes and mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage during allergen-induced late-phase asthmatic reactions","volume":"139","author":"Diaz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.05.031","article-title":"Phenotypes and endotypes of adult asthma: Moving toward precision medicine","volume":"144","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.21.07332-8","article-title":"Asthma phenotypes and endotypes in childhood","volume":"113","author":"Fainardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/life3030482","article-title":"Extremophiles and extreme environments","volume":"3","author":"Rampelotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0065-5","article-title":"Microbiology of the built environment","volume":"16","author":"Gilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.04.037","article-title":"Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota","volume":"149","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i18.1875","article-title":"Gut microbiota in various childhood disorders: Implication and indications","volume":"28","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M.L., and Relman, D.A. (2008). The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060280"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkin, M.R., and Strachan, D.P. (2022). The hygiene hypothesis for allergy\u2014Conception and evolution. Front. Allergy, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.1051368"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09550-9_10","article-title":"The \u201cmicroflora hypothesis\u201d of allergic diseases","volume":"635","author":"Shreiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00538-7","article-title":"Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions?","volume":"21","author":"Akdis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(94)90025-6","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Another New World disease?","volume":"23","author":"Buchanan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-013-0877-6","article-title":"History of Kawasaki disease","volume":"18","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.e27","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: A brief history","volume":"106","author":"Burns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.12.051","article-title":"Kawasaki disease may be a hyperimmune reaction of genetically susceptible children to variants of normal environmental flora","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhim, J.W., Kang, H.M., Han, J.W., and Lee, K.Y. (2019). A presumed etiology of Kawasaki disease based on epidemiological comparison with infectious or immune-mediated diseases. Front. Pediatr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00202"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01492-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01492-17","article-title":"Dysbiosis and its discontents","volume":"8","author":"Hooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NIH Human Microbiome Portfolio Analysis Team (2019). A review of 10 years of human microbiome research activities at the US National Institutes of Health, Fiscal Years 2007\u20132016. Microbiome, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0620-y"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.10920","article-title":"The impact of genomics on the future of medicine and health","volume":"201","author":"Mattick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1058-x","article-title":"New insights from uncultivated genomes of the global human gut microbiome","volume":"568","author":"Nayfach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-14","article-title":"The rebirth of culture in microbiology through the example of culturomics to study human gut microbiota","volume":"28","author":"Lagier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, D.J., Rifkin, R.F., Cowan, D.A., and Potgieter, M. (2019). The healthy human blood microbiome: Fact or fiction?. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00148"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammad, D.B.M., Liyanapathirana, V., and Tonge, D.P. (2019). Molecular characterisation of the synovial fluid microbiome in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy control subjects. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225110"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00059","article-title":"Components of human breast milk: From macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0192-y","article-title":"Changes in clinical and laboratory features of Kawasaki disease noted over time in Daejeon, Korea","volume":"15","author":"Kil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04628-9","article-title":"Changes in clinical features in Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein purpura during three decades: An observational study at a single hospital in Korea","volume":"38","author":"Rhim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026461","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026461","article-title":"Epidemiological relationship between Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and recurrent wheezing episode in children: An observational study at a single hospital in Korea","volume":"9","author":"Rhim","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60078-2","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease","volume":"387","author":"Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3003.231098","article-title":"Recent changes in patterns of mammal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus worldwide","volume":"30","author":"Plaza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172341","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.172341","article-title":"Implications of asymptomatic carriers for in-fectious disease transmission and control","volume":"5","author":"Chisholm","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216681549","article-title":"Major involvement of bacterial components in rheumatoid arthritis and its accompanying oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability","volume":"242","author":"Pretorius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gianchecchi, E., and Fierabracci, A. (2019). Recent advances on microbiota involvement in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020283"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.03.005","article-title":"The changing face of asthma and its relation with microbes","volume":"23","author":"Earl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.11.038","article-title":"Allergy associations with the adult fecal microbiota: Analysis of the American Gut Project","volume":"3","author":"Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00400-5","article-title":"Gell and Coombs\u2019s classification: Is it still valid?","volume":"158","author":"Descotes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"93","article-title":"United airway disease: Current perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Takejima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.2018_85-1","article-title":"Dual factors may be necessary for development of atopic march in early infancy","volume":"85","author":"Taniuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.06.020","article-title":"The natural history of asthma","volume":"118","author":"Reed","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-024-3260-7","article-title":"Global Initiative for Asthma Guidelines 2024: An update","volume":"61","author":"Rajvanshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2019","article-title":"Are we meeting the promise of endotypes and precision medicine in asthma?","volume":"100","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anonymous (1943). Psychogenic factors in bronchial asthma. Br. Med. J., 1, 416.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4291.416"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32835c16b6","article-title":"Asthma and comorbidities","volume":"13","author":"Ledford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4104\/pcrj.2011.00058","article-title":"Asthma and psychological dysfunction","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim. Care Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01016-9","article-title":"Bronchiolitis","volume":"400","author":"Dalziel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savin, I.A., Zenkova, M.A., and Sen\u2019kova, A.V. (2023). Bronchial Asthma, Airway Remodeling and Lung Fibrosis as Successive Steps of One Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216042"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4252","article-title":"Nasal polyps and rhinosinusitis","volume":"40","author":"Kwah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.023","article-title":"Novel insights into atopic dermatitis","volume":"151","author":"Schuler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.003","article-title":"Divergent Roles of Antiself Antibodies during Infection","volume":"39","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrameas, S., Alexopoulos, H., and Moutsopoulos, H.M. (2018). Natural Autoantibodies: An Undersugn Hero of the Immune System and Autoimmune Disorders\u2014A Point of View. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01320"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.4.6.767","article-title":"Asthma and autoimmunity: A complex but intriguing relation","volume":"4","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, L., Krauss-Etschmann, S., Petersen, F., and Yu, X. (2018). Autoantibodies in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00066"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"224","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maedica"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002410","article-title":"Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness-related agents: A review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"119","author":"Mendell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00000713","article-title":"The role of infection in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Molyneaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0433TR","article-title":"Evidence for mycobacteria in sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"Brownell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02647-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Biologics in Patients with Allergic Severe Asthma, Overall and by Blood Eosinophil Count: A Literature Review","volume":"40","author":"Bernstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1944CI","article-title":"Role of Biologics in Asthma","volume":"199","author":"McGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0906","article-title":"Updated Review on Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0903SO","article-title":"Systematic Literature Review of Systemic Corticosteroid Use for Asthma Management","volume":"201","author":"Bleecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.11.020","article-title":"Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma","volume":"100","author":"Dahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"200","article-title":"Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Marron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13208","article-title":"Allergen immunotherapy for allergic asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Dhami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13258","article-title":"Asthma in the elderly and late-onset adult asthma","volume":"73","author":"Dunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"CD011818","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for adults and adolescents with asthma","volume":"9","author":"Kew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01169-7","article-title":"Management strategies in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Konzett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, E.A., Kang, H.M., Rhim, J.W., Kang, J.H., and Lee, K.Y. (2019). Early Corticosteroid Therapy for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia Irrespective of Used Antibiotics in Children. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201904.0070.v1"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:35Z","timestamp":1760034875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":199,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26178358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26178358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}