{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:41:05Z","timestamp":1760060465612,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation","award":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"]}]},{"name":"UKZN College of Health Sciences","award":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"]}]},{"name":"Optics and Imaging Centre","award":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"]}]},{"name":"Nompumelelo P Mkhwanazi","award":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121639","215013361","215013361","TD67"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endothelial activation and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are exacerbated in the interaction of HIV infection and pre-eclampsia. This study compares the levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and E-selectin (sE-selectin) in HIV-infected normotensive pregnant versus pre-eclamptic women. We investigated the plasma concentration of sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin in normotensive pregnant women (n = 40) and pre-eclamptic women (n = 40) using an immunoassay procedure. The concentrations of both sVCAM-1 (p &lt; 0.0083) and sE-selectin (p &lt; 0.0260) were significantly different from sICAM-1 in pre-eclampsia compared to normotensive pregnant groups, irrespective of HIV status. In contrast to sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 (p = 0.0349) and sE-selectin (p &lt; 0.0445) concentrations were significantly elevated in HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative groups, regardless of pregnancy type. In pregnancies complicated by HIV, statistically significant differences in ICAM-1 concentration were observed between pre-eclamptic HIV-positive versus pre-eclamptic HIV-negative groups (p &lt; 0.0010). Similarly, sVCAM-1 levels differed significantly between pre-eclamptic HIV-negative and normotensive HIV-positive groups (p &lt; 0.0139). In contrast, sE-selectin levels varied significantly between pre-eclamptic HIV-positive versus normotensive HIV-negative groups (p &lt; 0.0485). We report a dysregulation of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and SE-selectin in the co-morbidity of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women living with HIV. This differential expression may be attributed to oxidative stress emanating from the hypoxic endothelial activation in both pre-eclampsia and HIV infection and exacerbated by the immune restorative action of antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:01:01Z","timestamp":1756454461000},"page":"8383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre-Eclampsia Comorbid with HIV Infection Mimics the Release of sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and sE-Selectin in African Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Samukelisiwe","family":"Sibiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mbuso H.","family":"Mthembu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoohana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6917-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thajasvarie","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0808-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nompumelelo P.","family":"Mkhwanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00043.2008","article-title":"Preeclampsia: The role of angiogenic factors in its pathogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Moodley, J., Soma-Pillay, P., Buchmann, E., and Pattinson, R.C. 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