{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T04:30:52Z","timestamp":1774413052094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology in accordance with the contract for the implementation of the research program in 2024","award":["027\/E5\/PG.02.00.PL\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["027\/E5\/PG.02.00.PL\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the potential of purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan) to prevent chronic kidney damage through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate both efficacy and safety, purwoceng extract was assessed for its phytochemical content and administered to five groups of rats: a healthy control group, a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model, and three treatment groups receiving purwoceng at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg\/kg BW\/day. In silico predictions were used for confirmation of in vitro and in vivo results. Renal function was monitored through serum creatinine and urea levels before and after treatment, while kidney tissue was evaluated histopathologically. The results indicate that purwoceng extract complies with safety standards. Notably, a dose of 20 mg\/kg BW\/day improved glomerular structure in cisplatin-exposed rats, suggesting a nephroprotective effect possibly mediated by vasodilatory and antioxidant mechanisms. In contrast, higher doses (30\u201340 mg\/kg BW) increased urea and creatinine levels, and histological signs indicated only tubule damage. In silico predictions indicate that pinellic acid strongly binds to Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, suggesting its anti-inflammatory potential and benefits for glomerular structure. Therefore, the bioactive compounds in purwoceng may help prevent chronic kidney disease, emphasizing the need for careful dose regulation to avoid toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T16:42:21Z","timestamp":1756485741000},"page":"8404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phytochemicals from Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan) and Their Potential in Chronic Disease Prevention: Focus on Kidney Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7249-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trisni U.","family":"Dewi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"},{"name":"RSUD Cibinong Hospital, Cibinong 16914, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kartika W.","family":"Rukmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"},{"name":"RSUD Cibinong Hospital, Cibinong 16914, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9312-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fachrur R.","family":"Mahendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fauziyatul","family":"Munawaroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Ryadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1259-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leliana N.","family":"Widi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naufal M.","family":"Nurdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8201-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irmanida","family":"Batubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.12750\/JARB.39.2.145","article-title":"Catechin Hydrate Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Spermatogonia GC-1 Spg Cellular Damage","volume":"39","author":"Shim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Reprod. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ropiudin Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Purwoceng (Pimpinella alpina Molk) as Functional Food to Increase Body Immune","volume":"12","author":"Syska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Basic Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01984-1","article-title":"The Targets of \u03b2-Sitosterol as a Novel Therapeutic against Cardio-Renal Complications in Acute Renal Ischemia\/Reperfusion Damage","volume":"394","author":"Koc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5812\/nephropathol.8122","article-title":"A Histopathological Study of Nephrotoxicity, Hepatoxicity or Testicular Toxicity: Which One Is the First Observation as Side Effect of Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Animal Model?","volume":"1","author":"Nematbakhsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nephropathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31812dfe1e","article-title":"Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: A Review","volume":"334","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"427","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Taurine on Cisplatin-Induced Hepatic Injury and Oxidative Stress in Male Rats","volume":"15","author":"Zare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2008.09.003","article-title":"Role of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity","volume":"61","author":"Chirino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2112490","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"F700","article-title":"Mechanisms of Death Induced by Cisplatin in Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells: Apoptosis vs. Necrosis","volume":"270","author":"Lieberthal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00303-2","article-title":"Role of Apoptosis in Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in the Renal Epithelial Cell Line LLC-PK1: Implication of the Functions of Apical Membranes","volume":"59","author":"Okuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2023.19.e25","article-title":"Optimizing Mannitol Use in Managing Increased Intracranial Pressure: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research and Clinical Experiences","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.5423","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Augments the Production of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, Cyclooxygenase-2, and Prostaglandin E2 through Enhancement of NF-Kappa B Activity in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Human Primary Monocytes","volume":"175","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23161","article-title":"Targeting NOX, INOS and COX2 in Inflammatory Cells: Chemoprevention Using Food Phytochemicals","volume":"121","author":"Murakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00902-0","article-title":"Redox Regulation of the Immune Response","volume":"19","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhol, N.K., Bhanjadeo, M.M., Singh, A.K., Dash, U.C., Ojha, R.R., Majhi, S., Duttaroy, A.K., and Jena, A.B. (2024). The Interplay between Cytokines, Inflammation, and Antioxidants: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potentials of Various Antioxidants and Anti-Cytokine Compounds. Biomed. Pharmacother., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117177"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2025, April 07). Peraturan BPOM No. 32 Tahun 2019. Available online: https:\/\/peraturan.bpk.go.id\/Details\/285067\/peraturan-bpom-no-32-tahun-2019."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2007). WHO Guideline for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues, World Health Organization. [3rd ed.]. Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.35633\/inmateh-69-04","article-title":"Application of Hydroponic Technology to the Yield and Quality of Purwoceng \u201cViagra from Asia\u201d","volume":"69","author":"Sumarni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inmateh Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"641","article-title":"Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan) Root Extracts from Various Hydroponic Planting Techniques","volume":"12","author":"Batubara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Tek. Pertan. Lampung"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Xiong, W., Liu, W., Wu, J., Ruan, R., Fu, P., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Leng, X., and Li, P. (2024). The Effects of Dietary N-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Oxylipin Profiles in Acipenser Dabryanus. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040421"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.08.013","article-title":"Protective Effect of Olive and Juniper Leaves Extracts on Nephrotoxicity Induced by Thioacetamide in Male Mice","volume":"24","author":"Alrobai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650010107","article-title":"Biological Screening of Italian Medicinal Plants for Anti-inflammatory Activity","volume":"1","author":"Mascolo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csel\u0151tey, A., Baglyas, M., Kir\u00e1ly, N., Ott, P.G., Glavnik, V., Vovk, I., and M\u00f3ricz, \u00c1.M. (2024). Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Identification of Antibacterial Compounds from Invasive Tree of Heaven Stem and Trunk Bark. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29245846"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M.H., and Cheng, Q. (2019). Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a Dominant Spice and Traditional Medicinal Herb for Both Food and Medicinal Purposes. Cogent Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1080\/23312025.2019.1673688"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2023.100135","article-title":"Early Diagnostic Biomarkers for Acute Kidney Injury Using Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat Model","volume":"5","author":"Jana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.15171\/jnp.2017.28","article-title":"Time Course of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity","volume":"6","author":"Pezeshki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nephropathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Per\u0161e, M., and Ve\u010deri\u0107-Haler, \u017d. (2018). Cisplatin-Induced Rodent Model of Kidney Injury: Characteristics and Challenges. Biomed. Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1462802"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Huang, Z., Cao, X., Chen, X., Zou, T., and You, J. (2022). Plant-Derived Polyphenols as Nrf2 Activators to Counteract Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Toxicity Induced by Deoxynivalenol in Swine: An Emerging Research Direction. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122379"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.01.043","article-title":"Hurdles and Pitfalls in Measuring Antioxidant Efficacy: A Critical Evaluation of ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC Assays","volume":"14","author":"Schaich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000100004","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity by DPPH Assay of Potential Solutions to Be Applied on Bleached Teeth","volume":"23","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coniglio, S., Shumskaya, M., and Vassiliou, E. (2023). Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Immunomodulatory Properties. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020279"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.11.009","article-title":"Palmitic and Oleic Acid: The Yin and Yang of Fatty Acids in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Palomer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e478","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.0560211","article-title":"Review on Preparation Methods, Mechanisms and Applications for Antioxidant Peptides in Oil","volume":"73","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Grasas Y Aceites"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350020025737","article-title":"Effect of Ricinoleic Acid in Acute and Subchronic Experimental Models of Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Vieira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21082\/bullittro.v26n1.2015.25-34","article-title":"Respon Pemupukan Terhadap Pertumbuhan, Produksi Dan Mutu Herba Meniran (Phyllantus niruri)","volume":"26","author":"Setiawan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bul. Penelit. Tanam. Rempah Dan Obat"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.4308\/hjb.30.5.985-994","article-title":"The Effect of Different Hydroponic Types and Nutrient Concentrations on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan) Extract","volume":"30","author":"Batubara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hayati J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batubara, I., Komariah, K., Sandrawati, A., and Nurcholis, W. (2020). Genotype Selection for Phytochemical Content and Pharmacological Activities in Ethanol Extracts of Fifteen Types of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. Leaves Using Chemometric Analysis. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77991-2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2023.101742","article-title":"Metabolite Profile, Antiproliferative, and Antioxidant Activity of Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia crassicarpa Extracts","volume":"27","author":"Prayogo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, August 18). MzCloud\u2014Advanced Mass Spectral Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.mzcloud.org\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2025, August 18). ChemSpider: Search and Share Chemistry\u2014Homepage. Available online: https:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.0c01006","article-title":"Accelerating AutoDock4 with GPUs and Gradient-Based Local Search","volume":"17","author":"Tillack","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.20884\/1.jm.2019.14.2.542","article-title":"No Acute Toxicity Tests of Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) Ethanolic Extract on Male Albino Rat by Determined Hepatorenal Function Test and Histopathology","volume":"14","author":"Arjadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molekul"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2025, April 07). Experimental Design: Theory and Application\u2014W. T. Federer\u2014Google Books. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.co.id\/books\/about\/Experimental_Design.html?id=IqfCugAACAAJ&redir_esc=y."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"E138","article-title":"Vitamin D Ameliorates Kidney Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via Reduction of Inflammation and Myofibroblast Expansion","volume":"65","author":"Arfian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kobe J. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8404\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:35:17Z","timestamp":1760034917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26178404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26178404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}