{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:25:04Z","timestamp":1792167904272,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of the University (MUR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition representing the most common cause of dementia and currently affects millions of people worldwide. The clinical presentation includes memory impairment, cognitive decline, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, reflecting pathological hallmarks such as \u03b2-amyloid (A\u03b2) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Despite being the gold standard for detecting amyloid and tau pathologies in vivo, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are not widely used in the clinical setting because of invasiveness, high costs, and restricted accessibility. Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers offer a promising and minimally invasive tool for early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of AD. Ultra-sensitive analytical platforms, including single-molecule arrays (Simoa) and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, now enable reliable quantification of plasma A\u03b2 isoforms, phosphorylated tau variants (p-Tau181, p-Tau217, p-Tau231), neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In addition, blood biomarkers reflecting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, synaptic disruption and metabolic dysfunction are under active investigation. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on blood-based biomarkers in AD, emphasizing their biological relevance, diagnostic accuracy, and clinical applications. Finally, we highlight forthcoming challenges, such as standardization, and future directions, including the use of artificial intelligence in precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"8564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Role of Blood-Based Biomarkers in Transforming Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research and Clinical Management: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Pacoova Dal Maschio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Roveta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Bonino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Boschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocenzo","family":"Rainero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementias (CDCD), Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementias (CDCD), Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2025). 2025 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. 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