{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T21:32:20Z","timestamp":1784237540577,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cSirius\u201d Federal Territory \u201cScientific and technological development of the \u201cSirius\u201d Federal Territory\u201d","award":["18-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The unique ability of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to replicate in and destroy malignant cells while leaving healthy cells intact and activating the host immune response makes them powerful targeted anti-cancer therapeutic agents. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) only causes mild and asymptomatic infection, lacks pre-existing immunity, can be genetically engineered for enhanced efficiency and improved safety, and has a broad cell tropism. VSV can facilitate targeted delivery of immunostimulatory cytokines for an enhanced immune response against cancer cells, thus decreasing the possible toxicity frequently observed as a result of systemic delivery. In this study, the oncolytic potency of the two rVSV versions, rVSV-dM51-GFP, delivering green fluorescent protein (GFP), and rVSV-dM51-mIL12-mGMCSF, delivering mouse interleukin-12 (mIL-12) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGMCSF), was compared on the four murine cancer cell lines of different origin and healthy mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at 24 h post-infection by flow cytometry. Lewis lung carcinoma (LL\/2) cells were demonstrated to be more susceptible to the lytic effects of both rVSV versions compared to melanoma (B16-F10) cells. Detection of expression levels of antiviral and pro-apoptotic genes in response to the rVSV-dM51-GFP infection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed lower levels of IFIT, RIG-I, and N-cadherin and higher levels of IFN\u03b2 and p53 in LL\/2 cells. Subsequently, C57BL\/6 mice, infused subcutaneously with the LL\/2 cells, were injected intratumorally with the rVSV-dM51-mIL12-mGMCSF 7 days later to assess the synergistic effect of rVSV and immunostimulatory factors. The in vivo study demonstrated that treatment with two rVSV-dM51-mIL12-mGMCSF doses 3 days apart resulted in a tumor growth inhibition index (TGII) of over 50%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"8567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Recombinant Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Mouse Interleukin-12 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (rVSV-dM51-mIL12-mGMCSF) for Immunotherapy of Lung Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7784-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Ryapolova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Zinovieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Vorona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Krapivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4588-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliy","family":"Moroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nizami","family":"Gasanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilnaz","family":"Imatdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almaz","family":"Imatdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9573-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-5182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Karabelsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Minskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02990-y","article-title":"Recent Advances in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy; an Update Review","volume":"23","author":"Araghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toropko, M., Chuvpilo, S., and Karabelsky, A. 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