{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:11:01Z","timestamp":1789582261613,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alopecia areata is a persistent autoimmune-mediated disease with a complicated pathophysiology and a prevalence of approximately 2%. The exact pathogenesis is yet to be identified; nevertheless, environmental factors, autoimmune mechanisms and genetic factors among others all contribute to the multifactorial etiopathogenesis of the disease. Even though alopecia areata is frequently self-limiting and recovery can occur on its own, it can cause esthetic challenges that might precipitate psychosocial disorders. This article aims to provide a clinical update on alopecia areata comparing the most important international guidelines, with particular emphasis on current treatment options and comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1757058377000},"page":"8632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Current International Guidelines for the Management of Alopecia Areata\u2014Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0885-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kropid\u0142owska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Practical and Experimental Dermatology Student Scientific Association, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5309-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Practical and Experimental Dermatology Student Scientific Association, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3561-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman J.","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"Bara\u0144ska-Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7522.951","article-title":"The psychological impact of alopecia","volume":"331","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. 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