{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:26:24Z","timestamp":1790670384886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD), connecting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and reduced neuroplasticity. Physical exercise induces specific mitochondrial changes linked to improvements in mental health. The aim of this paper was to examine emerging evidence regarding the effects of physical exercise on mitochondrial function and treatment-resistant depression, highlighting the clinical importance of the use of mitochondrial biomarkers to personalize exercise prescriptions for patients with depression, particularly those who cannot tolerate standard treatments. Physical exercise improves mitochondrial function, enhances biogenesis and neuroplasticity, and decreases oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Essential signaling pathways, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, AMP-activated protein kinase, active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 coactivator-1\u03b1, and Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, support these effects. Most studies have concentrated on the impact of low- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on general health. However, new evidence suggests that resistance exercise and high-intensity interval training also promote healthy mitochondrial adaptations, although the specific exercise intensity required to achieve this goal remains to be determined. There is strong evidence that exercise is an effective treatment for MDD, particularly for TRD, by promoting specific mitochondrial adaptations. However, key gaps remain in our understanding of the optimal exercise dose and which patient subgroups are most likely to benefit from it (Graphical Abstract).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1757500032000},"page":"8697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Adaptations in Mitochondrial Function Induced by Exercise: A Therapeutic Route for Treatment-Resistant Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnulfo","family":"Ramos-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez Campus, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2998-9727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariazel","family":"Rubio-Valles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, University Circuit, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3085-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier A.","family":"Ramos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, University Campus, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0401-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Everardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, University Circuit, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6094-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Moreno-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, University Circuit, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00454-1","article-title":"Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, July 12). World Health Organization Depressive Disorder (Depression). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.10.014","article-title":"What Happens to Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression? A Systematic Review of Medium to Long Term Outcome Studies","volume":"116","author":"Fekadu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300059","article-title":"A Review of the Clinical, Economic, and Societal Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression: 1996\u20132013","volume":"65","author":"Mrazek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.014","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Depression and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Suicidality in Danish Patients with Major Depression","volume":"135","author":"Gronemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.06.030","article-title":"Mortality in Treatment-Resistant Unipolar Depression: A Register-Based Cohort Study in Sweden","volume":"238","author":"Reutfors","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and Longer-Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report","volume":"163","author":"Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.011","article-title":"Impact of Physical Exercise on Depression and Anxiety in Adolescent Inpatients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"301","author":"Philippot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13316","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13316","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Improves Astrocyte Mitochondrial Quality and Transfer to Neurons in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00343.2011","article-title":"Exercise Training Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Brain","volume":"111","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.023","article-title":"Sedentary Behaviour Is Associated with Depression Symptoms: Compositional Data Analysis from a Representative Sample of 3233 US Adults and Older Adults Assessed with Accelerometers","volume":"265","author":"McGregor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"641","article-title":"Stress-Associated Molecular and Cellular Hippocampal Mechanisms Common for Epilepsy and Comorbid Depressive Disorders","volume":"86","author":"Gulyaeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.053","article-title":"Metabolomics on Depression: A Comparison of Clinical and Animal Research","volume":"349","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarny, P., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska, S., Ko\u0142odziej, \u0141., Wata\u0142a, C., Wigner-Jeziorska, P., Bli\u017aniewska-Kowalska, K., Wachowska, K., Ga\u0142ecka, M., Synowiec, E., and Ga\u0142ecki, P. (2023). Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Maintaining the Stability of Mitochondrial DNA Affect the Occurrence, Onset, Severity and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914752"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00067-8","article-title":"Alterations of Mitochondrial Function and Correlations with Personality Traits in Selected Major Depressive Disorder Patients","volume":"76","author":"Gardner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katren\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, B., Vav\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Paduchov\u00e1, Z., Nagyov\u00e1, Z., Garaiova, I., Muchov\u00e1, J., \u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1, Z., and Trebatick\u00e1, J. (2021). Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Enzymes in Children and Adolescents with Depressive Disorder and Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Randomised Clinical Trial. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081256"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.08.027","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"273","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111141","article-title":"Pink1\/Parkin Signaling Mediates Pineal Mitochondrial Autophagy Dysfunction and Its Biological Role in a Comorbid Rat Model of Depression and Insomnia","volume":"220","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.22","article-title":"Mitochondrial Allostatic Load Puts the \u201cgluc\u201d Back in Glucocorticoids","volume":"10","author":"Picard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173200","article-title":"Fluoxetine Administration in Juvenile Overfed Rats Improves Hypothalamic Mitochondrial Respiration and REDOX Status and Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis Transcriptional Expression","volume":"881","author":"Braz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.015","article-title":"Increased Levels of Circulating Cell-Free mtDNA in Plasma of Late Life Depression Subjects","volume":"139","author":"Koyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14576","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14576","article-title":"Mitochondria in Depression: The Dysfunction of Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Quality Control Systems","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teranishi, M., Ito, M., Huang, Z., Nishiyama, Y., Masuda, A., Mino, H., Tachibana, M., Inada, T., and Ohno, K. (2024). Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) Increases Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Activities and Ameliorates Depressive Behaviors in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011315"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.09.008","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Damage Is Involved in Apoptosis Caused by Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human OA Chondrocytes","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.037","article-title":"Inflammatory Profiles of Severe Treatment-Resistant Depression","volume":"246","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardanho-Ramos, C., and Morais, V.A. (2021). Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Neurons: How and Where. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313059"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700901","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial DNA Mutation, and Impairment of Antioxidant Enzymes in Aging","volume":"227","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexeyev, M., Shokolenko, I., Wilson, G., and LeDoux, S. (2013). The Maintenance of Mitochondrial DNA Integrity\u2014Critical Analysis and Update. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012641"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.044","article-title":"Targeting ERS-Mitophagy in Hippocampal Neurons to Explore the Improvement of Memory by Tea Polyphenols in Aged Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"213","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117172","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Zishen Huoxue Decoction Treatment on Vascular Dementia by Activating PINK1\/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy in the Hippocampal CA1 Region","volume":"319","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.03.009","article-title":"What Is the Meaning of Treatment Resistant\/Refractory Major Depression (TRD)? A Systematic Review of Current Randomized Trials","volume":"17","author":"Berlim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9865-8","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Rezin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.01.064","article-title":"Metabolomics Signatures of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (Escitalopram), Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (Duloxetine) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Key Neurotransmitter Pathways in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"375","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154395","article-title":"Sinisan Alleviates Depression-like Behaviors by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Synaptic Plasticity in Maternal Separation Rats","volume":"106","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2022.111632","article-title":"Mitochondrial Transplantation Improves Anxiety- and Depression-like Behaviors in Aged Stress-Exposed Rats","volume":"202","author":"Javani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03487-9","article-title":"Nasal Administration of Mitochondria Relieves Depressive- and Anxiety-like Behaviors in Male Mice Exposed to Restraint Stress through the Suppression ROS\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1\/IL-1\u03b2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"398","author":"Mafikandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01132-6","article-title":"Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Produces Depressive-like Behavior, Hypercortisolemia, and Metabolic Dysfunction in Adolescent Cynomolgus Monkeys","volume":"11","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105246","article-title":"Neuronal Degeneration and Cognitive Impairment Can Be Prevented via the Normalization of Mitochondrial Dynamics","volume":"163","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac135","article-title":"Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"78","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jong, N.P., Rudolph, M.C., Jackman, M.R., Sharp, R.R., Jones, K., Houck, J., Pan, Z., Reusch, J.E.B., MacLean, P.S., and Bessesen, D.H. (2022). Short-Term Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and Metabolic Pathways to Breaking up Sedentary Behaviors in Overweight or Obese Adults. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030454"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de la Torre, M., Fiuza-Luces, C., Valenzuela, P.L., Laine-Men\u00e9ndez, S., Arenas, J., Mart\u00edn, M.A., Turnbull, D.M., Lucia, A., and Mor\u00e1n, M. (2020). Exercise Training and Neurodegeneration in Mitochondrial Disorders: Insights from the Harlequin Mouse. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.594223"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S44282","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Tobe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.10.022","article-title":"Cardiac Oxidative Stress Following Maternal Separation Stress Was Mitigated Following Adolescent Voluntary Exercise in Adult Male Rat","volume":"183","author":"Sahafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picard, M., and McEwen, B.S. (2018). Psychological Stress and Mitochondria: A Systematic Review. Biopsychosoc. Sci. Med., 80.","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000545"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akyuva, Y., and Naz\u0131ro\u011flu, M. (2020). Resveratrol Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Neuronal Cell Death, Inflammation and Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress by Modulation of TRPM2 Channel. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63577-5"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"9650","article-title":"Propofol Alleviates Hypoxic Neuronal Injury by Inhibiting High Levels of Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0421","article-title":"Implication of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal Axis in the Physiopathology of Depression","volume":"29","author":"Barden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Druzhkova, T.A., Yakovlev, A.A., Rider, F.K., Zinchuk, M.S., Guekht, A.B., and Gulyaeva, N.V. (2022). Elevated Serum Cortisol Levels in Patients with Focal Epilepsy, Depression, and Comorbid Epilepsy and Depression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810414"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.03.003","article-title":"An Excitatory Synapse Hypothesis of Depression","volume":"38","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.073","article-title":"Relationship between Circulating Mitochondrial DNA and microRNA in Patients with Major Depression","volume":"339","author":"Ogata","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0052-8","article-title":"The Machineries, Regulation and Cellular Functions of Mitochondrial Calcium","volume":"19","author":"Giorgi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-008-0189-x","article-title":"Brain Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Mood Disorders: Implications for Neurocircuitry Models of Depression","volume":"213","author":"Drevets","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-016-2194-3","article-title":"Creatine Target Engagement with Brain Bioenergetics: A Dose-Ranging Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Adolescent Females with SSRI-Resistant Depression","volume":"48","author":"Kondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.04.050","article-title":"Exercise Prevents Raphe Nucleus Mitochondrial Overactivity in a Rat Depression Model","volume":"132","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.14586","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle SIRT1 and PGC-1\u03b1 Expression Levels in Rats of Different Age","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gureev, A.P., Shaforostova, E.A., and Popov, V.N. (2019). Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis as a Way for Active Longevity: Interaction Between the Nrf2 and PGC-1\u03b1 Signaling Pathways. Front. Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00435"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2014.09.004","article-title":"AMPK: Positive and Negative Regulation, and Its Role in Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Hardie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01412-w","article-title":"Exercise-Produced Irisin Effects on Brain-Related Pathological Conditions","volume":"39","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Liu, J., Ye, Z., Huang, J., He, F., Xiao, W., Hu, X., and Luo, Z. (2016). CaMKII-Mediated CREB Phosphorylation Is Involved in Ca2+-Induced BDNF mRNA Transcription and Neurite Outgrowth Promoted by Electrical Stimulation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162784"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"How Mitochondria Produce Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049478","article-title":"Mitochondrial Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"552","author":"Turrens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13909","article-title":"Ischaemic Accumulation of Succinate Controls Reperfusion Injury through Mitochondrial ROS","volume":"515","author":"Chouchani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7607","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510977103","article-title":"The Mechanism of Superoxide Production by NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex I) from Bovine Heart Mitochondria","volume":"103","author":"Kussmaul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112675","article-title":"A Single Session of High-Intensity Interval Exercise Increases Antioxidants Defenses in the Hippocampus of Wistar Rats","volume":"211","author":"Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr024","article-title":"Abnormal Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitochondrial Loss and Mutant Huntingtin Oligomers in Huntington\u2019s Disease: Implications for Selective Neuronal Damage","volume":"20","author":"Shirendeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.11.012","article-title":"The Impact of Exercise on Mitochondrial Dynamics and the Role of Drp1 in Exercise Performance and Training Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"21","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819410-2.00001-1","article-title":"Chapter 1\u2014Defining Neuroplasticity","volume":"Volume 184","author":"Quartarone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Khan, A., Rehman, I.U., Lee, H.J., Khan, I., and Kim, M.O. (2022). Lupeol Treatment Attenuates Activation of Glial Cells and Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Neuropathology in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116086"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2022.103791","article-title":"A Period of Transient Synaptic Density Unbalancing in the Motor Cortex after Peripheral Nerve Injury and the Involvement of Microglial Cells","volume":"124","author":"Campos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114713","article-title":"Maternal Environmental Enrichment Protects Neonatal Brains from Hypoxic-Ischemic Challenge by Mitigating Brain Energetic Dysfunction and Modulating Glial Cell Responses","volume":"374","author":"Odorcyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.287","article-title":"Exosomes in Brain Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"4","author":"Si","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6435","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16474","article-title":"Modulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics Rescues Cognitive Function in Rats with \u201cdoxorubicin-Induced Chemobrain\u201d via Mitigation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation","volume":"289","author":"Ongnok","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22325","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.656405","article-title":"The Role of Mitochondrially Derived ATP in Synaptic Vesicle Recycling","volume":"290","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2010.00139","article-title":"Synaptic Mitochondria in Synaptic Transmission and Organization of Vesicle Pools in Health and Disease","volume":"2","author":"Vos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.05.007","article-title":"Evidence for Increased Microglial Priming and Macrophage Recruitment in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate White Matter of Depressed Suicides","volume":"42","author":"Cruceanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, G.E., and Han, H.J. (2021). Glucocorticoid Impairs Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurons. Neurobiol. Dis., 152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105301"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220064","article-title":"Chronic Stress Induces Hippocampal Mitochondrial Damage in APPPS1 Model Mice and Wildtype Littermates","volume":"87","author":"Clement","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhou, T., Zhou, C.X., Zhang, Q.B., Wang, H., and Zhou, Y. (2023). The Worsening of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization at the Early Stage of Remobilization Correlates with BNIP3-Dependent Mitophagy. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06759-2"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weger, M., Alpern, D., Cherix, A., Ghosal, S., Grosse, J., Russeil, J., Gruetter, R., de Kloet, E.R., Deplancke, B., and Sandi, C. (2020). Mitochondrial Gene Signature in the Prefrontal Cortex for Differential Susceptibility to Chronic Stress. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75326-9"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csabai, D., Seb\u0151k-Tornai, A., Wiborg, O., and Cz\u00e9h, B. (2022). A Preliminary Quantitative Electron Microscopic Analysis Reveals Reduced Number of Mitochondria in the Infralimbic Cortex of Rats Exposed to Chronic Mild Stress. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.885849"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rial, D., Lemos, C., Pinheiro, H., Duarte, J.M., Gon\u00e7alves, F.Q., Real, J.I., Prediger, R.D., Gon\u00e7alves, N., Gomes, C.A., and Canas, P.M. (2016). Depression as a Glial-Based Synaptic Dysfunction. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00521"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Li, Y., Lv, Y., Gu, B., Cai, J., Liu, Q.-S., and Zhao, L. (2024). Treadmill Exercise Facilitates Synaptic Plasticity in APP\/PS1 Mice by Regulating Hippocampal AMPAR Activity. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191608"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119033","article-title":"Treadmill Exercise Enhances Synaptic Plasticity in the Ischemic Penumbra of MCAO Mice by Inducing the Expression of Camk2a via CYFIP1 Upregulation","volume":"270","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.12.005","article-title":"Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Focal Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Induced Neurological Deficit by Promoting Dendritic Modification and Synaptic Plasticity via Upregulating Caveolin-1\/VEGF Signaling Pathways","volume":"313","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.090","article-title":"Efficacy and Acceptability of Supervised Group Exercise for Mild to Moderate Major Depressive Disorder: A Feasibility Study","volume":"329","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15945","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protects Neurons by Stimulating Mitochondrial Function through Protein Kinase A","volume":"167","author":"Swain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.105","article-title":"Serum BDNF Concentrations as Peripheral Manifestations of Depression: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses on 179 Associations (N=9484)","volume":"19","author":"Molendijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toader, C., Serban, M., Munteanu, O., Covache-Busuioc, R.-A., Enyedi, M., Ciurea, A.V., and Tataru, C.P. (2025). From Synaptic Plasticity to Neurodegeneration: BDNF as a Transformative Target in Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094271"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"2369","article-title":"Lactate Mediates the Effects of Exercise on Learning and Memory through SIRT1-Dependent Activation of Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)","volume":"39","author":"Hayek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15092","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15092","article-title":"Exercise Promotes the Expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) through the Action of the Ketone Body \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.06.036","article-title":"Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Promotes the Expression of BDNF in Hippocampal Neurons under Adequate Glucose Supply","volume":"386","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Cai, M., Shang, Q., Li, Z., Feng, Y., Liu, B., Xue, X., and Lou, S. (2021). Elevated Lactate by High-Intensity Interval Training Regulates the Hippocampal BDNF Expression and the Mitochondrial Quality Control System. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.629914"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X22999240730154422","article-title":"Vitamin B6 Via P-JNK\/Nrf-2\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Ameliorates Cadmium Chloride-Induced Oxidative Stress Mediated Memory Deficits in Mice Hippocampus","volume":"23","author":"Nasir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didangelos, T., Karlafti, E., Kotzakioulafi, E., Margariti, E., Giannoulaki, P., Batanis, G., Tesfaye, S., and Kantartzis, K. (2021). Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020395"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Yu, S., Long, Y., Shi, A., Deng, J., Ma, Y., Wen, J., Li, X., Liu, S., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Tryptophan Metabolism: Mechanism-Oriented Therapy for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.985378"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110841","article-title":"Kynurenine Pathway, NAD+ Synthesis, and Mitochondrial Function: Targeting Tryptophan Metabolism to Promote Longevity and Healthspan","volume":"132","author":"Sutphin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100714","article-title":"Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Enhances Mitochondrial Function and Reduces Pyroptosis in the Spleen and Thymus of Piglets after Lipopolysaccharide Challenge","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01554-4","article-title":"An Umbrella Review of Randomized Control Trials on the Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognition","volume":"7","author":"Ciria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caponnetto, P., Casu, M., Amato, M., Cocuzza, D., Galofaro, V., La Morella, A., Paladino, S., Pulino, K., Raia, N., and Recupero, F. (2021). The Effects of Physical Exercise on Mental Health: From Cognitive Improvements to Risk of Addiction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413384"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrahim, T., Alangry, R., Alotaibi, R., Almandil, L., and Alburikan, S. (2023). Effects of Regular Exercise and Intermittent Fasting on Neurotransmitters, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Cortex of Ovariectomized Rats. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194270"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.10.016","article-title":"Aerobic Training Efficacy in Inflammation, Neurotrophins, and Function in Chronic Stroke Persons: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol","volume":"28","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x","article-title":"Hippocampal BDNF Mediates the Efficacy of Exercise on Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition","volume":"20","author":"Vaynman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-05809-w","article-title":"The Effects of Different Exercise Training Protocols on Mitochondrial Dynamics in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles of Wistar Rats","volume":"20","author":"Haghighi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01624-6","article-title":"Endurance Exercise-Induced Autophagy\/Mitophagy Coincides with a Reinforced Anabolic State and Increased Mitochondrial Turnover in the Cortex of Young Male Mouse Brain","volume":"71","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060520941715","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520941715","article-title":"Bioavailable Testosterone Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression in Adult Men","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.intjssh.7.3.8","article-title":"The Effect of Exercise Volume on Depressive-Related Behaviors and Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Serum Testosterone Levels","volume":"7","author":"Torabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Stud. Health"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104850","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effects of Testosterone on Spatial Learning Strategies and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Male Rats","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.104","article-title":"Relationship between Sedentary Behavior and Depression: A Mediation Analysis of Influential Factors across the Lifespan among 42,469 People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"229","author":"Stubbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106021","article-title":"Associations of Sedentary Behavior in Leisure and Occupational Contexts with Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety","volume":"133","author":"Hallgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.150755","article-title":"The Effect of Experimentally Induced Sedentariness on Mood and Psychobiological Responses to Mental Stress","volume":"208","author":"Endrighi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.050","article-title":"Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in People with Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"210","author":"Schuch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.013","article-title":"Physical Exercise Prevents Cognitive Impairment by Enhancing Hippocampal Neuroplasticity and Mitochondrial Function in Doxorubicin-Induced Chemobrain","volume":"133","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.60","article-title":"Cross-Sectional and Prospective Relationships of Passive and Mentally Active Sedentary Behaviours and Physical Activity with Depression","volume":"217","author":"Hallgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01354.2012","article-title":"Muscle Immobilization and Remobilization Downregulates PGC-1\u03b1 Signaling and the Mitochondrial Biogenesis Pathway","volume":"115","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8232","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900095R","article-title":"Supplementation with Dietary \u03c9-3 Mitigates Immobilization-Induced Reductions in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration in Young Women","volume":"33","author":"Miotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp066","article-title":"Impact of Lifelong Sedentary Behavior on Mitochondrial Function of Mice Skeletal Muscle","volume":"64A","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1113\/EP092331","article-title":"Sedentary Lifestyle Induces Oxidative Stress and Atrophy in Rat Skeletal Muscle","volume":"110","author":"Akin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115153","article-title":"Sleep Fragmentation Impairs Cognitive Function and Exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Pathology in a Mouse Model by Disrupting Mitochondrial Biogenesis","volume":"386","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.52547\/jarums.20.3.340","article-title":"The Effect of 4 Weeks of Aerobic Training on Spatial Learning, Memory Performance and Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Hippocampal Tissue of Old Rats","volume":"20","author":"Banaeifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ardabil Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02152-8","article-title":"Biological Sex and DNA Repair Deficiency Drive Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Systemic Metabolic Remodeling and Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"140","author":"Demarest","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9080","article-title":"Dopamine Oxidation Mediates Mitochondrial and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"357","author":"Burbulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyatt, J.-P.K., Lu, E.J., and McCall, G.E. (2024). Temporal Expression of Mitochondrial Life Cycle Markers during Acute and Chronic Overload of Rat Plantaris Muscles. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1420276"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000494723","article-title":"Resistance Exercise Improves Mitochondrial Quality Control in a Rat Model of Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis","volume":"65","author":"Koo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1121-7851","article-title":"Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations Following Resistance Exercise Training","volume":"41","author":"Parry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn252","article-title":"Resistance Training in Patients with Single, Large-Scale Deletions of Mitochondrial DNA","volume":"131","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.2024.39.S1.2251","article-title":"Resistance Exercise Following Short Term Muscle Disuse Leads to Enhanced Mitochondrial Activity and Dynamics","volume":"39","author":"Franchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000605","article-title":"Resistance Exercise Training Alters Mitochondrial Function in Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"47","author":"Porter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haun, C.T., Vann, C.G., Osburn, S.C., Mumford, P.W., Roberson, P.A., Romero, M.A., Fox, C.D., Johnson, C.A., Parry, H.A., and Kavazis, A.N. (2019). Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy in Response to 6 Weeks of High-Volume Resistance Training in Trained Young Men Is Largely Attributed to Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/596049"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1615556","article-title":"Mitochondrial Adaptations to High Intensity Interval Training in Older Females and Males","volume":"20","author":"Dohlmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.112094","article-title":"Short-Term Sprint Interval versus Traditional Endurance Training: Similar Initial Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Performance","volume":"575","author":"Gibala","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00445.2013","article-title":"Improvements in Exercise Performance with High-Intensity Interval Training Coincide with an Increase in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Content and Function","volume":"115","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, J.R., Bortolanza, M., Ferrari, G.D., Lanfredi, G.P., do Nascimento, G.C., Azzolini, A.E., Del Bel, E., de Campos, A.C., Fa\u00e7a, V.M., and Vulczak, A. (2020). One-Week High-Intensity Interval Training Increases Hippocampal Plasticity and Mitochondrial Content without Changes in Redox State. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050445"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.181743","article-title":"A Practical Model of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Human Skeletal Muscle: Potential Mechanisms","volume":"588","author":"Little","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.224725","article-title":"Physiological Adaptations to Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training in Health and Disease","volume":"590","author":"Gibala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003964","article-title":"Maintaining Physical Performance: The Minimal Dose of Exercise Needed to Preserve Endurance and Strength Over Time","volume":"35","author":"Spiering","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231210286","article-title":"Analysis of the Effect of Different Physical Exercise Protocols on Depression in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"16","author":"Correia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00453-2","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Exercise on Depression in Adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02237-1","article-title":"Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: Does the Type and Number of Activities Matter?","volume":"400","author":"Lynskey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050281","article-title":"Metabolic Architecture of Acute Exercise Response in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community","volume":"142","author":"Nayor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:41:20Z","timestamp":1760035280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/17\/8697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26178697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26178697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]}}}